In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of hypochlorous acid antimicrobial agent

Tsai, Cheng-Feng; Chung, Jae Youn; Ding, Shinn-Jyh; Chen, Chuncheng

doi:10.1016/j.jds.2023.07.007

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Unfortunately, they did not experiment with the 500 ppm HOCl concentration. Conversely, Tsai et al showed that in experiments performed according to ISO 10993–5 recommendations, no cytotoxic effects were found at a concentration of 500 ppm HOCl in mouse fibroblasts [ 34 ]. However, a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the COVID-19 outbreak, many studies have evaluated the germicidal activity of HOCl-based disinfectants at very high concentrations; however, there are limited data examining the cytotoxic effect of HOCl used as a disinfectant [29,[32][33][34][35]. In addition, to achieve maximum germicidal effect on a large area in a shorter time, some researchers have developed dry fogging systems that disperse fine droplets of a disinfectant that penetrate inaccessible areas and cover virtually any surface [29,33,35,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The HOCl dry fog–is it safe for human cells?

Lewandowski,

Stępińska,

Osuchowski

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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This study aims to investigate if high-concentration HOCl fogging disinfection causes cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to cultured primary human skin fibroblasts. The cells were exposed to a dry fog of HOCl produced from solutions with a concentration of 300 ppm (5.72 mM) or 500 ppm (9.53 mM). After four times when fibroblasts were exposed to aerosolized HOCl at a concentration of 500 ppm for 9 minutes, significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects were observed. Significant changes in the morphology of fibroblasts and cell death due to membrane disruption were observed, independent of the number of exposures. Flow cytometry analyses performed under these experimental conditions indicated a decrease in the number of cells with an intact cell membrane in the exposed samples compared to the sham samples, dropping to 49.1% of the total cells. Additionally, under the same conditions, the neutral comet assay results demonstrated significant DNA damage in the exposed cells. However, no analogous damages were found when the cells were exposed to aerosolized HOCl generated from a 300-ppm solution for 3 minutes, whether once or four times. Therefore, we have concluded that aerosolized HOCl in dry fog, with a concentration exceeding 300 ppm, can cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human skin fibroblasts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The HOCl dry fog–is it safe for human cells?

Lewandowski,

Stępińska,

Osuchowski

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Stabilised in the form of a physiologically stable solution, HOCl is a naturally occurring molecule produced by neutrophils to destroy pathogens (Gold et al, 2019). It has an excellent bactericidal effect against various microorganisms due to its high oxidising capacity and is highly advantageous due to its practical applicability in healthcare institutions or food industry (Tsai et al, 2023). The main features of hypochlorous acid in its mechanism of action are oxidation of sulfhydryl enzymes, oxidation of amino acids, chlorination of amino acids, inhibition of protein synthesis, loss of intercellular substance, decrease in nutrient uptake, decrease in oxygen uptake, oxidation of respiratory components, decrease in adenosine triphosphate production, DNA breakage and suppression of DNA synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Colloidal Silver Solution and Hypochlorous Acid on Wound Healing in the New Zealand Rabbit

Çınar

2024

kvj

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The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the effects of colloidal silver and hypochlorous acid solutions on wound healing. To evaluate the wound healing activity of colloidal silver solution and hypochlorous acid solutions, an in vivo excisional wound model was applied in New Zealand rabbits (n = 21). The rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups with seven individuals in each group. Group 1 was used as a negative control and no treatment was applied. Groups 2 and 3 were treated with crystalline (hypochlorous acid) and colloidal silver, respectively. The treatments were applied topically (in the form of spray) to the wound area of each rabbit daily. Wound diameters were measured on days 4, 8 and 12 using calipers and histopathological examinations were performed on days 4, 8 and 12 of the treatment. In terms of wound closure, both hypochlorous acid and colloidal silver solutions showed comparable wound healing activity with the control group. In conclusion, hypochlorous acid and colloidal silver have a positive effect on dermal wound healing in rabbits.

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“…Small-molecule antimicrobial agents usually include drugs (chlorine-containing, nitrogen-containing substances), , antibiotics, zinc oxide, and nanosilver, which have the advantages of small molecular weight and rapid reaction rate and can quickly cross the bacterial cell film ester structure and damage the cell matrix . However, small-molecule antimicrobial agents are susceptible to leaching and migration of antimicrobial molecules, easy-to-cause secondary environmental pollution, have physiological toxicity, and the use of a large number of small molecules of antimicrobial agents can cause bacterial resistance. , Synthetic antimicrobial polymers have stronger antimicrobial activity, lower potential to induce antimicrobial resistance, and a lower leaching risk and environmental toxicity than small-molecule antimicrobial agents. , However, most of the currently reported antimicrobial polymers of this type are ionic, and their ionic interactions with cell membranes are the key to their antimicrobial activity. , Ionic polymers may have poor water solubility, poor antimicrobial performance sustainability, risk of scaling, and toxicity problems in practical applications. Most synthetic antimicrobial polymers are petroleum-based, which are physiologically toxic, difficult to biodegrade, and cause environmental pollution. , Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly, efficient, biodegradable, nonleachable, and long-lasting nonionic antimicrobial polymers …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 However, smallmolecule antimicrobial agents are susceptible to leaching and migration of antimicrobial molecules, easy-to-cause secondary environmental pollution, have physiological toxicity, and the use of a large number of small molecules of antimicrobial agents can cause bacterial resistance. 13,14 Synthetic antimicrobial polymers have stronger antimicrobial activity, lower potential to induce antimicrobial resistance, and a lower leaching risk and environmental toxicity than small-molecule antimicrobial agents. 15,16 However, most of the currently reported antimicrobial polymers of this type are ionic, and their ionic interactions with cell membranes are the key to their antimicrobial activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Friendly Cellulose-Based Nonionic Antimicrobial Polymers with Excellent Biocompatibility, Nonleachability, and Polymer Miscibility

Dang,

Yu,

Wang

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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This study aims to prepare natural biomass-based nonionic antimicrobial polymers with excellent biocompatibility, nonleachability, antimicrobial activity, and polymer miscibility. Two new cellulose-based nonionic antimicrobial polymers (MIPA and MICA) containing many terminal indole groups were synthesized using a sustainable one-pot method. The structures and properties of the nonionic antimicrobial polymers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel chromatography (GPC), and other analytical techniques. The results showed that microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) molecules combined with indole derivatives through an esterification reaction to produce MICA and MIPA. The crystallinity of the prepared MICA and MIPA molecules decreased after MCC modification; their morphological structure changed from short fibrous to granular and showed better thermal stability and solubility. The paper diffusion method showed that both nonionic polymers had good bactericidal effects against the two common pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli, inhibition zone diameters >22 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, inhibition zone diameters >38 mm). Moreover, MICA and MIPA showed good miscibility with biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and the miscible cellulose-based composite films (PVA-MICA and PVA-MIPA) showed good phase compatibility, light transmission, thermal stability (maximum thermal decomposition temperature >300 °C), biocompatibility, biological cell activity (no cytotoxicity), nonleachability, antimicrobial activity, and mechanical properties (maximum fracture elongation at >390%).

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In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of hypochlorous acid antimicrobial agent

Cited by 6 publications

References 57 publications

The HOCl dry fog–is it safe for human cells?

The HOCl dry fog–is it safe for human cells?

The Effects of Colloidal Silver Solution and Hypochlorous Acid on Wound Healing in the New Zealand Rabbit

Eco-Friendly Cellulose-Based Nonionic Antimicrobial Polymers with Excellent Biocompatibility, Nonleachability, and Polymer Miscibility

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