“…Different synthetic polymers (e.g., poly (vinyl alcohol) [73], carboxymethyl cellulose) [74], natural polymers (e.g., gelatin [75,76], alginate [77,78]), nanomaterials (e.g., hydroxyapatite (HAp) [79,80], bioactive glass (BG) [81,82], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [83], graphene oxide (GO) [84]), proteins (e.g., collagen [85]), amino acid sequences (e.g., RGD [86]), biomolecules (e.g., growth factors [87]), antifungals (propolis [52]), antioxidants (e.g., propolis [52], fisetin [88]), anti-inflammatory (propolis [52]), and antimicrobial agents (e.g., AgNPs, TiO 2 ) can be integrated with BNC by various strategies, using coating, gas plasma (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen) or irradiation (e.g., gamma) treatments, and surface sulfation or phosphorylation or other physical/chemical treatments to make BNC or BNCbased biomaterials more active as per desired applications [20]. Here, plasma techniques are effective strategies to change the BNC surface and optimize the biofunctionality without affecting native features [89].…”