In vitro delivery efficiencies of nebulizers for different breathing patterns

Abstract

Background Nebulizers are medical devices that deliver aerosolized medication directly to lungs to treat a variety of respiratory diseases. However, breathing patterns, respiration rates, airway diameters, and amounts of drugs delivered by nebulizers may be respiratory disease dependent. Method In this study, we developed a respiratory simulator consisting of an airway model, an artificial lung, a flow sensor, and an aerosol collecting filter. Various breathing patterns were generated using a linear actuator and an air cylinder. We tested six home nebulizers (jet (2), static (2), and vibrating mesh nebulizers (2)). Nebulizers were evaluated under two conditions, that is, for the duration of nebulization and at a constant output 1.3 mL using four breathing patterns, namely, the breathing pattern specified in ISO 27427:2013, normal adult, asthmatic, and COPD. Results One of the vibrating mesh nebulizers had the highest dose delivery efficiency. The drug delivery efficiencies of nebulizers were found to depend on breathing patterns. Conclusion We suggest a quantitative drug delivery efficiency evaluation method and calculation parameters that include considerations of constant outputs and residual volumes. The study shows output rates and breathing patterns should be considered when the drug delivery efficiencies of nebulizers are evaluated.

Properties of Particulate Matter in the Air of the Wieliczka Salt Mine and Related Health Benefits for Tourists

“…This means that during a stay in a mine/health resort, 58 to 70% of the inhaled PM is deposited in the respiratory tract during one respiratory cycle. According to Newman’s research, saline inhalations with the use of nebulisers result in the deposition of 10–40% of the inhaled substance (physiological saline solution of 0.9% NaCl) in the lungs, and the effectiveness of inhalation depends, among others, on skills, mask tightness and equipment efficiency [ 64 , 65 ]. The literature review proves that the studies described in this publication are one of the first studies on PM deposition in the respiratory tract of people receiving therapy in mine chambers, therefore the authors compared the obtained results to the results of studies carried out in indoor sports rooms, where a similar deposition model was used [ 66 ].…”

Liposomes or Extracellular Vesicles: A Comprehensive Comparison of Both Lipid Bilayer Vesicles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

“…In order to get around issues with jet nebulizers high production rates and irregular mass distribution, mesh nebulizers were created. They can be divided into passive (static) mesh nebulizers, and active (vibrating) mesh nebulizers, in which the mesh is set on a piezoelectric ring that vibrates [ 239 ]. Recent investigations have demonstrated that human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC-EVs) can be nebulized using vibrating mesh [ 240 ], and ultrasonic nebulized hypoxic human umbilical cord MSC-EVs [ 241 ] create promising clinical applications in lung injury diseases.…”

Evaluation of Antibody Drug Delivery Efficiency via Nebulizer in Various Airway Models and Breathing Patterns

“…The residual volumes were obtained by measuring the weight of nebulizer before and after nebulization using an analytical balance. Output rates (mL/min) were calculated using the following formula [20]:…”