In vitro Effect of &lt;i&gt;Ginkgo biloba&lt;/i&gt; Extract (EGb 761) on the Activity of Presynaptic Cholinergic Nerve Terminals in Rat Hippocampus

Krištofíková, Zdena; Klaschka, Jan

doi:10.1159/000106599

Cited by 35 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The exact mechanism through which GKB modulates β-amyloid-suppressed ACh remains unknown. However, it is of interest to note that β-amyloid peptides have been shown to reduce high affinity choline uptake (Kristofikova et al, 2001), whereas ginkgo extract (EGb 761) has been reported to increase choline uptake in the hippocampal synaptosomes (Kristofikova and Klaschka, 1997). Therefore, GKB could have a direct effect in reversing the inhibitory effect of β-amyloid peptides by altering central cholinergic activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ginkgolides on β‐amyloid‐suppressed acetylocholine release from rat hippocampal slices

Lee

Chen²,

Wang

2004

Phytotherapy Research

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As Ginkgo has been shown to improve age-related memory de fi cits and beta-amyloid-related peptides have been suggested to play a signi fi cant role in memory degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, the present study was carried out to examine the effect of two major ginkgolides, A and B, on beta-amyloid peptide-modulated acetylcholine (ACh) release from hippocampal brain slices. Addition of beta-amyloid fragment(25-35) (0.01-1 micro M) in the superfusion medium suppressed the K(+)-evoked [(3)H]-ACh release from the rat hippocampal slices in a concentration-related manner; a 40% reduction in ACh out fl ow was observed with the highest amyloid concentration used (1 micro M). Inclusion of ginkgolide B (GKB, 0.01-10 micro M) caused a concentration-related reversion of the inhibitory effect elicited by the effective concentration of beta-amyloid (1 micro M). The reversal of the beta-amyloid-inhibited ACh release by GKB (1 micro M) was not blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 micro M) indicating a direct interaction of GKB on the cholinergic nerve terminals. In contrast, addition of the same concentration range of ginkgolide A (GKA, 0.01-10 micro M) had no effect on beta-amyloid-inhibited ACh release. These results suggest that GKB may elicit its anti-amnesic effect by minimizing the inhibitory effect of beta-amyloid peptides on cholinergic transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ginkgolides on β‐amyloid‐suppressed acetylocholine release from rat hippocampal slices

Lee

Chen²,

Wang

2004

Phytotherapy Research

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“…Droy-Lefaix 1997; Hibatallah et al, 1999;Siddique et al, 2000), modulation of a number of neurotransmitter systems (e.g. Taylor, 1986;Ramassamy et al, 1992;Huguet et al, 1994;Kristoikova and Klaschka, 1997), beneficial effects on blood circulation (e.g. Jung et al, 1990;Koltringer et al, 1993;Krieglstein et al, 1986;Chung et al, 1999;Topp et al, 2001), both in vitro and in vivo protection against hypoxic challenges (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine

Kennedy

Haskell

Mauri

et al. 2007

Human Psychopharmacology

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Recent data suggest that the complexation of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) with soy-derived phospholipids enhances the bioavailability of GBE's active components. The current study therefore aimed to assess the comparative cognitive and mood effects of a low dose of GBE and products complexing the same extract with either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylcholine. The study utilised a placebo-controlled, multi-dose, double-blind, balanced-crossover design. Twenty-eight healthy young participants received 120 mg GBE, 120 mg GBE complexed with phosphatidylserine (Virtiva), 120 mg GBE complexed with phosphatidylcholine and a matching placebo, on separate days 7 days apart. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised test battery and Serial Subtraction tasks immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. The primary outcome measures were the four aspects of cognitive performance, which have previously been derived by factor analysis of CDR subtests. Levels of terpenoids (bilobalide, ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B) were concomitantly assessed in plasma samples taken pre-dose and at 3 and 6.5 h post-dose.In keeping with previous research utilising the same methodology, 120 mg of GBE was not associated with markedly improved performance on the primary outcomes. However, administration of GBE complexed with phosphatidylserine resulted both in improved secondary memory performance and significantly increased speed of memory task performance across all of the post-dose testing sessions. Enhancement following GBE complexed with phosphatidylcholine was restricted to a modest improvement in secondary memory performance which was restricted to one post-dose time point. All three treatments were associated with improved calmness. There were no significant differences in post-dose levels of terpenoids between the Ginkgo containing treatments, although this latter finding may be attributable to methodological factors. Complexation with phosphatidylserine appears to potentiate the cognitive effects associated with a low dose of GBE. Further research is required to identify whether this effect is due to the complexation of the extracts, their mere combination, or the separate psychopharmacological actions of the two extracts.

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“…More recent evidence has shown that Ginkgo biloba also acts as an inhibitor of the monoamine metabolizing enzymes, monoamine oxidase A and B, which may also contribute to its free-radical scavenging and neuroprotective effects (White et al, 1996). In addition, evidence suggests that both acute and chronic doses of Ginkgo biloba may modulate the cholinergic system (Nathan, 2000), with direct effects on choline uptake and acetylcholine release (Kristofikova and Klaschka, 1997) and increases in cholinergic muscarinic receptors (Taylor, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a combined extract of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans

Nathan

Tanner

Lloyd

et al. 2004

Human Psychopharmacology

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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera have been shown to produce positive effects on cognitive function in healthy subjects. While the exact mechanisms are not known, it has been suggested that antioxidant properties and cholinergic modulation may play a role. In the current study the sub-chronic (2 weeks) and chronic (4 weeks) effects of an extract containing Ginkgo biloba (120 mg) and Bacopa monniera (300 mg) (Blackmores Ginkgo Brahmi) on cognitive function were examined. The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent group design in which 85 healthy subjects were allocated to one of two treatment conditions (placebo or combined Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera extract). Testing was conducted at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks post treatment. The results showed that the combined extract relative to placebo did not demonstrate any significant effects on tests investigating a range of cognitive processes including attention, short-term and working memory, verbal learning, memory consolidation, executive processes, planning and problem solving, information processing speed, motor responsiveness and decision making. These findings suggest that at least within the current treatment duration and doses, an extract containing Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera had no cognitive enhancing effects in healthy subjects.

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In vitro Effect of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Extract (EGb 761) on the Activity of Presynaptic Cholinergic Nerve Terminals in Rat Hippocampus

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of ginkgolides on β‐amyloid‐suppressed acetylocholine release from rat hippocampal slices

Effect of ginkgolides on β‐amyloid‐suppressed acetylocholine release from rat hippocampal slices

Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine

Effects of a combined extract of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans

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