In vitro Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of “Habanero” Chili Pepper (Capsicum chinense) Seeds Extracts Pretreated with Cellulase

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of capsaicin and particular phenolic compounds pro le from cellulase assisted extracts of Habanero (Capsicum chinense) chili pepper seeds (CPS) on the concentration of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Capsaicin was quanti ed by HPLC-DAD, and the phenolic pro le was determined by UPLC-MS-QqQ. Anti-in ammatory activity was evaluated by Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel 96-well plate assay. Among the 15 different phenolics found in CPS extracts obtained at 120 or 150 minutes of maceration with 2500 UI/L at 30ºC or 45 ºC in a 1:15 (w:v) proportion, the most abundant was vanillic acid (7.97-12.66 µg/g). The extract obtained at 30ºC and 120 minutes, showed similar effects than the observed for synthetic anti-in ammatory drugs indomethacin and dexamethasone and capsaicin standard. Beyond capsaicin, salicylic, protocatechuic and trans-cinnamic acids as well as vanillin in CPS extracts were correlated with the anti-in ammatory effect. On the other hand, capsaicin and chlorogenic acid contents were potential immunostimulants whose concentration varied depending on the cellulase treatment time.

Interaction Between Salicylic or Ferulic Acid and Cellulase Used to Produce Phenolic Compounds Aggregates from “Jalapeño” (Capsicum AnnumL.) Chili Pepper Seeds

“…Compared to Sandoval-Castro, Valdez-Morales, Oomah, Gutiérrez-Dorado et al, only ferulic acid was previously reported in whole chili pepper. The phenolic profile was similar to that reported for “Habanero” seeds …”

“…The phenolic profile was similar to that reported for "Habanero" seeds. 6 Phenylalanine is a phenolics precursor and was the most abundant compound found in the JPS extract, and there were no significant differences related to extraction time or the use of ferulic acid during the extraction (p-value >0.05) due to the large variations that were observed. Since, phenylalanine is one of the precursors of the phenolics and capsaicinoids biosynthetic pathways, the accumulation of this compound could be related to the interruption of capsaicinoids synthesis, favoring the synthesis of phenolic compounds.…”

“…Phenolic acids, such as ferulic, salicylic, caffeic, and pcoumaric acids, released from Habanero chili pepper seeds affect the EAE process. 6 Tian et al 8 showed that ferulic and pcoumaric acids reacted covalently with the aromatic amino acid residues in cellulase, and at the same time salicylic acid exhibited noncovalent interactions with the enzyme. Stamogiannou et al 9 found that the addition of ferulic acid increased the hydrolysis potential of cellulase in an aqueous environment.…”

“…Cortés-Ferré et al demonstrated that enzymatic extracts from Habanero chili pepper seeds obtained after 90 min produced anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulant bioactivities similar to those obtained with synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs. These effects were due to decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, Il-2, IL-6, and TNF-α.…”

Immunomodulatory, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Effects of Rice Bran Grown in Iraq: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

“…According to an in vitro study, chlorogenic acid exerted an immunostimulating effect. Chlorogenic acid amplified T-cell activity and decreased tumor development, leading to immunosuppressive factor inhibition [64,65]. Further, ferulic acid exerted an immunostimulating effect [66].…”