In vitro Evaluation of Brassica sprouts for its Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Potential

Abstract

Chaudhary, et al.: In vitro Evaluation of Brassica SproutsThe present study was conducted on sprouts (5 and 7 days) of turnip (Brassica rapa), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) and mustard (Brassica juncea) for bioactivity. Their antioxidant potential was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide anion radical scavenging assays at 0.125-2 mg/ml concentration. The extract of turnip, cauliflower and mustard (5 and 7 days) showed a potent antioxidant effect and significant cytotoxic effect at 100 µg/ml concentration of extract. The antiproliferative potential was also evaluated by applying cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation assay at IC 50 value. Various phytochemicals and hydrolytic products of glucosinolates were observed in a different extract of turnip, cauliflower, and mustard sprouts. Flow cytometric analysis showed that all the extracts caused an increase in a G 0 population of the PC-3 cells in cell cycle analysis and an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species generation as compared to untreated cells. Confocal imaging of the cells stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate showed DNA fragmentation and increase of fluorescence which supports apoptosis and intracellular generation of the reactive oxygen species as the possible cause of cell death. The reported activity was correlated with the presence of different organosulfur compounds identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Key words: Brassica sprout, antioxidant assay, cell cycle, ROS, confocal microscopy, MTT assayIn recent years, health protection by natural products or plant derived foods has received a considerable attention [1] . Specific groups of vegetables are particularly rich in potentially protective phytochemicals, especially Brassica contains a high concentration of constituents with antioxidant properties (e.g. carotenoids, vitamin C and folates) as well as glucosinolates precursors of isothiocyanates (ITCs) and indoles that modulate the activity of xenobiotic biotransformation [2] . A diet rich in fruits, cruciferous vegetables has been linked to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases, including cancer. The importance of this family for food crops has led to its selective breeding throughout the history. Cruciferous sprouts of broccoli, alfalfa, buckwheat and bean etc. have received considerable attention due to their rich content of health-promoting phytochemical constituents such as glucosinolates phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid related to cancer prevention as well as having antioxidant properties [3][4][5][6][7] .During sprouting generally, phytonutrient content increases as compared to seeds and consumption of these sprouts is the best way to gain all the health benefits [8,9] . Naturally occurring ITCs, found abundantly in cruciferous vegetables, inhibit tumorigenesis by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle progression. In addition, induction of detoxification enzymes suggested the mechanism through which cruciferous v...

Antiproliferative Effect of Bioaccessible Fractions of Four Brassicaceae Microgreens on Human Colon Cancer Cells Linked to Their Phytochemical Composition

“…The results are also consistent with the antiproliferative effect described for sulforaphane (15 µM for 24h), an isothiocyanate present in all BFs of microgreens, which produced an increase in sub-G1 and G2/M phases in HT-29 colon cancer cells [28]. Moreover, these results are also in agreement with the increase in sub-G1 and G2/M arrest phases in prostate cancer cells (PC-3), as induced by mustard (Brassica juncea) sprout extracts (10-100 µg/mL) after 12h treatment [29]. Accordingly, these studies suggest that an increase in the G2/M phase, induced by the specific combinations of antioxidant bioactive compounds present in the microgreen BFs, could be a preceding event to apoptosis in tumor cells.…”

“…Antioxidants 2020, 9, 368 9 of 15 [29]. Accordingly, these studies suggest that an increase in the G 2 /M phase, induced by the specific combinations of antioxidant bioactive compounds present in the microgreen BFs, could be a preceding event to apoptosis in tumor cells.…”

Exposure to Salinity and Light Spectra Regulates Glucosinolates, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Capacity of Brassica carinata L. Microgreens

“…Generally, cruciferous vegetables are consumed for their health-promoting benefits, including antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and chemo-preventive activities contributed mainly by GLs and phenolics [ 24 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Currently, there are growing pieces of evidence suggesting that oxidative stress from reactive oxidants plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several diseases [ 11 ].…”

Phytochemical and Health‐Beneficial Progress of Turnip (Brassica rapa)

“…Along with tubers and flower buds, leaves were revealed with beneficial effects based on the fact that the aqueous extract of fresh turnip leaves showed protective efficiency against genotoxicity and oxidative stress in vivo (Tiku, Abraham, & Kale, ). Turnip sprouts exhibited higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity compared to cauliflower and mustard sprouts (Chaudhary et al., ). Thus, it is concluded that most of antioxidant activities are found in the polar part of turnip, and flower buds are most likely to furnish active compounds for antioxidant purposes.…”

“…Two nitrogen compounds, 2‐phenylethyl isothiocyanate ( 21 ) and 3‐phenylpropionitrile ( 92 ), from turnip seed oil, were revealed as potential inhibitors of DNA oxidative damage and mutagens (Robin, Arora, & Vig, ). Moreover, turnip sprout extract was found to exhibit higher antiproliferative activity in a cancerous cell line assay than that of cauliflower and mustard (Chaudhary et al., ). Isothiocyanates and indoles are two types of glucosinolate breakdown products with known anti‐cancer properties (Zhang, Kensler, Cho, Posner, & Talalay, ), of which isothiocyanates can induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines (Hong & Kim, ).…”