In Vitro Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor  , Tumor Cytolysis, and Blast Transformation by Spiroplasma Membranes

Sher, Talia; Yamin, Aviva; Rottem, Shlomo; Gallily, Ruth

doi:10.1093/jnci/82.13.1142

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…As previously shown by others, products from mycoplasmas can induce macrophage-mediated cytocidai activity [8]. This activity was detected using TNF-sensitive target cells, and was consequently ascribed to the action of TNF [5,8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In vitro effects of mycoplasmas or their products on immune cells range from mitogenic activity on B [1] or T [2] cells to activation of macrophages, resulting in release of cytokines [3][4][5][6], of induction of class II MHC molecules [7] or of the cytocidal state [8,9]. With the exception of the well characterized Mycoplasma arthritidisderived MAS, which is a small protein [2] with superantigen properties [10], such effects are often difficult to interpret or compare since more than one active molecular entity could be present in the often crude mycoplasmal preparations (see e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MDHM, a macrophage-activating product of Mycoplasma fermentans, stimulates murine macrophages to synthesize nitric oxide and become tumoricidal

Ruschmeyer

1993

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology

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In continuation of previous work on macrophage activation by a Mycoplasma fermentans-derived product, originally named "mycoplasma-derived high mol. wt. material" (MDHM), we have investigated whether MDHM was capable of inducing synthesis of the reactive nitrogen intermediate nitric oxide (NO), thus rendering macrophages cytocidal. Mycoplasmas were first delipidated with acetone, and MDHM activity was then extracted with 50 mM 1-O-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside to yield a particularly active new preparation of MDHM which we have named MDHM-D (D for detergent). In combination with IFN-gamma, MDHM-D activated macrophages to produce reactive nitrogen intermediates and kill P815 mastocytoma cells in co-culture. P815 target cells were chosen because they are TNF-resistant. Macrophages from the LPS-low responder strain C3H/HeJ were used to minimize interference from possible LPS contamination. MDHM-D activity in this system was strictly IFN-gamma-dependent. In the presence of 25 U/ml IFN-gamma MDHM-D gave a half maximal response at a dilution of 1/100,000, showing a parallel concentration dependency for nitrite production and cytocidal activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MDHM, a macrophage-activating product of Mycoplasma fermentans, stimulates murine macrophages to synthesize nitric oxide and become tumoricidal

Ruschmeyer

1993

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology

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“…An additional protein in M. arthritidis membranes is probably responsible for the direct stimulation and cell division of bone marrow cells that secrete GM-CSFs (433). Differentiation between membrane entities of Spiroplasma monobiae (MQ-1) possessing mitogenic potentials and those eliciting TNF-␣ production by murine cells was reported by Sher et al (414,415). Evidence for the presence of multiple TNF-␣-inducing molecules in M. hyorhinis was provided by Koystal et al (234), who showed that following Triton X-114 extraction of mycoplasmal cells, proteinase-K labile TNF-␣-inducing proteins were recovered in both the aqueous and detergent phases (Table 6).…”

Section: Proinflammatory Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which mycoplasmas trigger macrophage tumoricidal activity have clearly established that the organisms induced the production of TNF-␣ that subsequently played a major role in toxicity toward tumor cells (12,149,413,414). Mycoplasmas activate macrophages by a mechanism different from that used by LPS inasmuch as they act upon macrophages from LPSnonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice (263,299,413,414,443,463). The effects of mycoplasmas were not inhibited by polymyxin B (463,480) and synergized with LPS in triggering TNF-␣ production by macrophages from LPS-responsive mice (413,414).…”

Section: Activation Of Immune Cells By Mitogenic Mycoplasmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mycoplasmas activate macrophages by a mechanism different from that used by LPS inasmuch as they act upon macrophages from LPSnonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice (263,299,413,414,443,463). The effects of mycoplasmas were not inhibited by polymyxin B (463,480) and synergized with LPS in triggering TNF-␣ production by macrophages from LPS-responsive mice (413,414). It appears that while mycoplasmas evade phagocytosis, they interact with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes and exert either suppressive or stimulating effects upon them by a combined action of direct and indirect cytokine-mediated effects.…”

Section: Activation Of Immune Cells By Mitogenic Mycoplasmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas

2002

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Spiroplasma

Gasparich¹,

Kuo²,

Foissac³

2020

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Spi.ro.plas'ma. Gr. fem. n. speira (L. transliteration spira ) a coil, spiral; Gr. neut. n. plasma something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n. Spiroplasma spiral form. Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales / Spiroplasmataceae / Spiroplasma Cells are pleomorphic, varying in size and shape from helical and branched nonhelical filaments to spherical or ovoid. The helical forms, usually 100–200 nm in diameter and 3–5 μm in length, generally occur during the exponential phase of growth and in some species persist during stationary phase. The cells of some species are short (1–2 μm). In certain cases, helical cells may be very tightly coiled, or the coils may show continuous variation in amplitude. Spherical cells ∼300 nm in diameter and nonhelical filaments are frequently seen in the stationary phase, where they may not be viable, and in all growth phases in suboptimal growth media, where they may or may not be viable. In some species during certain phases, spherical forms may be the replicating form. Helical filaments are motile, with flexional and twitching movements, and often show an apparent rotatory motility. Fibrils are associated with the membrane, but flagella, periplasmic fibrils, or other organelles of locomotion are absent . Fimbriae‐like and pili‐like structures observed on the cell surface of insect‐ and plant‐pathogenic spiroplasmas are believed to be involved in host‐cell attachment and conjugation (Ammar et al., 2004; Özbek et al., 2003), but not in locomotion. Cells divide by binary fission, with doubling times of 0.7–37 h. Facultatively anaerobic. The temperature growth range varies among species, from 5 to 41°C. Colonies on solid media are frequently diffuse , with irregular shapes and borders, a condition that reflects the motility of the cells during active growth. Colony type is strongly dependent on the agar concentration. Colony sizes vary from 0.1 to 4.0 mm in diameter. Colonies formed by nonmotile variants or mutants, or by cultures growing on inadequate media are typically umbonate with diameters of 200 μm or less. Some species, such as Spiroplasma platyhelix , have barely visible helicity along most of their length and display little rotatory or flexing motility. Colonies of motile, fast‐growing spiroplasmas are diffuse, often with satellite colonies developing from foci adjacent to the initial site of colony development. Light turbidity may be produced in liquid cultures. Chemo‐organotrophic. Acid is produced from glucose. Hydrolysis of arginine is variable. Urea, arbutin, and esculin are not hydrolyzed. Sterol requirements are variable. An optimum osmolality, usually in the range of 300–800 mOsm, has been demonstrated for some spiroplasmas. Media containing mycoplasma broth base, serum, and other supplements are required for primary growth, but after adaptation, growth often occurs in less complex media. Defined or semi‐defined media are available for some species. Resistant to 10,000 U/ml penicillin. Insensitive to rifampicin, sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline. Isolated from the surfaces of flowers and other plant parts, from the guts and hemolymph of various insects and crustaceans, and from tick triturates. Also isolated from vascular plant fluids ( phloem sap ) and insects that feed on the fluids . Specific host associations are common. The type species, Spiroplasma citri , is pathogenic for citrus (e.g., orange and grapefruit), producing “stubborn” disease. Experimental or natural infections also occur in horseradish, periwinkle, radish, broad bean, carrot, and other plant species. Spiroplasma kunkelii is a maize pathogen. Some species are pathogenic for insects. Certain species are pathogenic, under experimental conditions, for a variety of suckling rodents (rats, mice, hamsters, and rabbits) and/or chicken embryos. Genome sizes vary from 780 to 2,220 kb (PFGE). DNA G + C content ( mol %): 24–31 ( T m , Bd). Type species : Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al. 1973 AL .

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In Vitro Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor , Tumor Cytolysis, and Blast Transformation by Spiroplasma Membranes

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

MDHM, a macrophage-activating product of Mycoplasma fermentans, stimulates murine macrophages to synthesize nitric oxide and become tumoricidal

MDHM, a macrophage-activating product of Mycoplasma fermentans, stimulates murine macrophages to synthesize nitric oxide and become tumoricidal

Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas

Spiroplasma

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