In vitro inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization and crystal adherence to renal tubular epithelial cells by Terminalia arjuna

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease and remains a public health problem around the world. Of all types of renal stones, calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most common composition formed in the urinary system of the patients with urolithiasis. The present study is aimed at evaluating the antiurolithiatic properties of the Tris-Cl extract (TE) of Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna). The antilithiatic activity of TE of T. arjuna was investigated on nucleation, aggregation, and growth of the CaOx crystals, as well as its protective potency was tested on oxalate-induced cell injury of NRK-52E renal epithelial cells. Also, in vitro antioxidant activity of TE T. arjuna bark was also determined. The TE of T. arjuna exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of nucleation and growth of CaOx crystals. Inhibition of aggregation of CaOx crystals remains constant. When NRK-52E cells were injured by exposure to oxalate for 48 h, the TE prevented the cells from injury and CaOx crystal adherence resulting in increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The TE also scavenged the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals with an IC50 at 51.72 µg/mL. The results indicated that T. arjuna is a potential candidate for phytotherapy against urolithiasis as it attains the ability to inhibit CaOx crystallization and scavenge DPPH free radicals in vitro along with a cytoprotective role.

Antiurolithiatic Activity of Daucus carota: An In vitro Study

“…2 Development of plant-based medicine as alternative or complementary to the conventional system of medicine have drawn tremendous attention and serves as an immense source of new drug entities. 3 Based on these grounds, carrots (Daucus carota L., family Apiaceae) were selected for the present study. Carrots are considered functional food and are widely cultivated all around the globe as well as are extensively exploited commercially.…”

Effectiveness of Herbal Medicine in Renal Lithiasis: a Review

“…The mechanisms involved in the formation of calcific stones are not fully understood. 5 Renal stone formation is a biological process that involves physicochemical changes and supersaturation of urine. 9 It is explained through of the loss of the equilibrium between promoters and inhibitors of the crystallization, 2 urine composition and renal morphoanatomy.…”

“…3,17 Recent studies have demonstrated that oxalate produce damage to renal cell by the generation of reactive oxygen species 18 ; which increase the surface expression of phosphatidylserine, sialic acid, hyaluronan, osteopontin, or the glycoprotein receptor CD44, resulting in more crystal adhesion and formation of the nidus for the formation of stone. 5 On the other hand, the presence of renal cavities with low urodynamic efficacy retain urine by long periods of time in the upper urinary tract, which favors the formation of stone. 19 Finally, there are substances in the urine act as inhibitors of lithogenesis through of the inhibition in the crystal surface; also, there substances have complexing properties with some ions involved in the precipitation process decreasing its concentration.…”

“…3 Currently, it is the third most frequent urological disease after urinary tract infections and prostate problems. 4 It has a prevalence that ranges between 4-15% of the world population 5 and a high recurrence rate, that is, the probability of repeating a renal lithiasis episode is 40% after 5 years of the first calculi and 60% after 10 years. 6 It is a health problem with greater incidence in people between 30-60 years of age and more common in men than in women.…”

“…The mechanisms involved in the formation of calcific stones are not fully understood. 5 It is generally agreed that urinary lithiasis is a multifaceted biological process that involves physicochemical changes and supersaturation of urine 9 leading to crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth of insoluble particles. 10 For the treatment of renal stones minimally invasive surgery is used, it's effectiveness to broke the calculi but it has not reduced recurrence rates.…”