In vitro percutaneous penetration of methyl-parathion from a commercial formulation through the human skin.

Sartorelli, Pietro; Aprea, Cristina; Bussani, Rossana; Novelli, Maria Teresa; Orsi, Daniela; Sciarra, Gianfranco

doi:10.1136/oem.54.7.524

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Results show no percutaneous penetration of PAHs contained in the two types of carbon (their concentration in the receptor¯uid was under detection limits) with a passage through the skin of the compounds when they were in dierent vehicles (acetone solution with arti®cial sweat). Even the presence of solvents in commercial formulations can change penetration rates of chemicals [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermal exposure assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: in vitro percutaneous penetration from lubricating oil

Sartorelli

Cenni

Matteucci³

et al. 1999

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermal exposure assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: in vitro percutaneous penetration from lubricating oil

Sartorelli

Cenni

Matteucci³

et al. 1999

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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“…The mean lag time for methylparathion has previously been estimated to vary between 3 and 7 hours depending on formulation 6. With lag times sometimes considerably longer than a normal working day, it becomes increasingly important to study to what extent absorption (the amount of pesticide measurable in the receptor phase) will increase after exposure has stopped.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermal in vitro penetration of methiocarb, paclobutrazol, and pirimicarb

Nielsen

Nielsen²

2000

Occup Environ Med

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Objectives-The dominant route of occupational exposure to pesticides in horticulture is dermal. However, preventive measures are seldom used when handling plant cultures recently treated with pesticides, thus causing significant dermal exposure and potential absorption. Assessment of exposure often depends on biological monitoring of blood or urine samples. The skin often acts as a temporary reservoir for chemicals before absorption. Failure to consider the lag time between dermal exposure and appearance of pesticide or metabolites in the general circulation may lead to false conclusions about assessment of exposure. Methods-In an experimental model in which in vitro static diVusion cells were mounted with human skin, dermal penetration of three extensively used pesticides (methiocarb, paclobutrazol, pirimicarb) was evaluated. Results-Pirimicarb and paclobutrazol had comparable rates of dermal penetration and lag times of around 18 hours. Methiocarb had a considerably shorter lag time. Dermal penetration continued for extended periods after exposure had ended. Conclusions-With lag times sometimes considerably longer than a normal working day, biological monitoring at the end of exposure may seriously underestimate the actual exposure. There may be implications for regulatory guidelines, which often require only 24 hour observation periods. (Occup Environ Med 2000;57:734-737)

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“…Although the animals were housed individu-ally, the possibility that some oral absorption might have occurred through grooming cannot be discounted. Sartorelli et al (1997) demonstrated the in vitro percutaneous penetration of methyl parathion through the human skin. Similar results were obtained in experimental animals for dermal application of other organophosphorus insecticides such as leptophos (Omethyl O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate;Abou-Donia,1979) and EPN (O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate;Abou-Donia et al,1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placental Transfer and Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dermal Dose of [14C]Methyl Parathion in Rats

Abu-Qare

Abdel-Rahman

Kishk

et al. 2000

Toxicological Sciences

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The pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of a single dermal 10.0 mg (10microCi)/kg dose of uniformly phenyl-labeled [14C] methyl parathion (0,0-dimethyl 0-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) were investigated in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at 14-18 days of gestation. Three rats were killed at each time interval: 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after dosing. Radioactivity disappeared biexponentially from the administration sites, which retained 50% and 3% of the dose after 1 h and 96 h, respectively. Most of the absorbed radioactivity was excreted in the urine (91%). Only 3% of the 14C was recovered in the feces. One h after the administration, radioactivity was detected in all tissues, including fetal tissue. The peak maternal plasma concentration of radioactivity (ng methyl parathion equivalent/ml) was 1005 at 2 h, compared to 318 ng for fetal plasma at 12 h. The maximum concentrations of radioactivity (ng methyl parathion equivalent/g), detected in most tissues within 12 h of dosing, were, in descending order: adipose tissue (67,532), kidney (1,571), spleen (1,256), spinal cord (1,004), heart (729), liver (706), brain (546), placenta (389), and fetus (256). The metabolism studies showed that methyl parathion, detected by HPLC, was the major compound identified in plasma and tissues. The maximum concentration detected was in plasma, at 513 ng/ml, and in the following tissues (ng/g fresh tissue): kidney (819), fetus (668), placenta (394), liver (375), and brain (282). The metabolite methyl paraoxon was detected in maternal brain and liver at maximum concentrations (ng/g fresh tissue) of 135 and 64 after 12 h and 4 h respectively, while p-nitrophenol was only detected in liver at a maximum concentration of 21 ng/g 72 h after dosing. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that methyl parathion disappeared monoexponentially from plasma and tissues. The half-life of elimination of methyl parathion from plasma was 11 h corresponding to a constant rate value of 0.06 h(-1). The results indicate that skin and placenta are poor barriers against methyl parathion permeability, resulting in a rapid and extensive dermal absorption of this insecticide and extensive placental transfer. This is indicated by the relative residence (R(R)) of methyl parathion in the plasma, which was largest in the placenta followed by the fetus. This study suggests that pregnant women and fetuses may be at risk of cholinergic toxicity following dermal exposure to methyl parathion.

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In vitro percutaneous penetration of methyl-parathion from a commercial formulation through the human skin.

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Dermal exposure assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: in vitro percutaneous penetration from lubricating oil

Dermal exposure assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: in vitro percutaneous penetration from lubricating oil

Dermal in vitro penetration of methiocarb, paclobutrazol, and pirimicarb

Placental Transfer and Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dermal Dose of [14C]Methyl Parathion in Rats

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