In vitro pharmacological attributes and metabolite’s fingerprinting of Conocarpus lancifolius

Abstract

Search for safe antioxidants and novel nutraceuticals urged to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholine esterase and anti-lipoxygenase activity of various leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius. Extraction was optimized from freeze dried plant extracts quenched with liquid nitrogen using water, ethanol, methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform. Maximum extract yield, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were obtained in case of ethanolic extraction. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical scavenging in terms of IC50 value of 55.26 µg/mL was observed for ethanolic leaf extract. The acetylcholine esterase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities (IC50) were also observed for ethanolic extract. These findings for ethanolic extract were statistically significant when compared with other extracts (ρ<0.05). The haemolytic % values indicated that all extracts were associated with very low or negligible toxicity. The epicatechin, isorhamnetin, rutin, scopoleptin, skimmianine, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, cornoside, creatinine, choline, pyruvic acid, α-hydroxybutyric acid, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were identified as major functional metabolites in ethanolic leaf extract of C. lancifolius by 1H-NMR. The identified metabolites were probably responsible for the pharmacological properties of C. lancifolius. The findings may be utilized as pharmacological leads for drug development and food fortification.

Conocarpus lancifolius (Combretaceae): Pharmacological Effects, LC-ESI-MS/MS Profiling and In Silico Attributes

“…In addition, exposure to acute NS elevates the AChE activity in a compensatory way in the hippocampus, which is attributed to anxiety, depression-like behaviors and memory deficits in stressed animals [ 4 , 119 , 120 ]. It was stated previously that ethanolic and water extracts of C. lancifolius leaves displayed substantial AChE inhibitory potential [ 29 ]. In the present study, we verified for the very first time that CLAE has moderate AChE inhibition.…”

“…Hence, therapeutic approaches strengthening the antioxidant enzyme potential, including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) level (main end-product of lipid peroxidation), scavenging the other free oxygen species or regularizing the AChE function in different brain areas may have a precautionary effect against NS-induced anxiety, depression and cognitive failure [ 8 , 127 ]. Antioxidants are substances that can scavenge excessively produced ROS and therefore mitigate the OS burden [ 29 ]. Recent experimental approaches have shown that phenolics, particularly flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins and lignans, are among the most effective antiradicals.…”

“…Al-Musayeib et al [ 28 ] evaluated the antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal potential of C. lancifolius . Its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory attributes were also investigated by Raza et al [ 29 ]. In line with the chemical composition, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification of aerial parts and roots of C. lancifolius displayed the presence of diverse phenolics and flavonoids such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and quercetin [ 22 ].…”

“…In line with the chemical composition, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification of aerial parts and roots of C. lancifolius displayed the presence of diverse phenolics and flavonoids such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and quercetin [22]. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole timeof-flight mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) analysis identified gallic acid, galloyl-HHDP-glucoside isomers, ellagic acid, epicatechin, scopoletin, isorhamnetin, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-βglucoside, skimmianine, corilagin, cornoside, terflavin B, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin as major functional phytochemicals in the C. lancifolius leaf ethanolic extract [23,29]. Another phytochemical study of C. lancifolius's aerial parts revealed the presence of two ellagic acid derivatives, namely 2,3,8-tri-O-methylellagic acid and 3-O-methylellagic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, with prominent antioxidant and anticancer properties [30].…”

Efek Kombinasi Bubuk Mengkudu Dan Kelor Terhadap Glukosa Darah Puasa Tikus Dmt2 Dislipidemia

“…Pengukuran kadar GDP tikus menggunakan metode Glucose Oxidase-Peroxidase Aminoantipyrine (GOD-PAP) yang dimana merupakan metode paling sering digunakan di laboratorium. 23 Sampel darah diambil melalui sinus retro-orbitalis, tikus dipegang dengan ibu jari dan diberikan tekanan vena jugularis di bagian caudal mandibula, lalu tabung mikrohematokrit dimasukkan pada ujung mata bagian depan untuk penetrasi conjunctiva orbitalis agar terjadi ruptura sinus retro-orbitalis, bila sinus atau plexus telah ruptur maka darah akan mengalir melalui tabung darah diambil 2 ml. 24 Alat untuk menguji kadar GDP pada tikus dapat menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-VIS AMV11 dengan spesifikasi panjang gelombang 190 -1100 nm, akurasi panjang gelombang ± 0,5 nm, akurasi fotometrik ± 0,5 persen T dan dimensi alat 460 x 360 x 225 mm.…”