Plant gene banks under in situ, ex situ and in vitro conditions have been established in most countries worldwide. Genetic resources, specifically gene banks maintained under in situ conditions, facilitate the work of breeders; however, they require extensive land areas and incur considerable costs. Moreover, these plants are directly exposed to diseases, pests, and other external abiotic stress factors.The establishment of a modern germplasm collection necessarily requires the utilisation of in vitro 37