MATERIALS AND METHODS Reagents and Chemicals SMI was purchased from CTQ Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd. (Hangzhou, China), the same batch as previous study (Yu et al., 2019). Cell culture supplies were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Anti-PI3K, anti-Akt, anti-Phospho-Akt (Ser473), anti-GSK-3b, anti-Phospho-GSK-3b (Ser9), anti-GAPDH, anti-AMPKa, anti-Phospho-AMPKa (Thr172), anti-Phospho-DRP1 (Ser616), anti-Phospho-DRP1 (Ser637), anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-Caspase3, and anti-cleaved-Caspase3 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-OPA1, anti-MFN2, and anti-FIS1 were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, UK). Anti-DRP1 and anti-MFN1 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas, USA). MitoSOX Red, MitoTracker Green, and MitoTracker Deep Red were purchased from Invitrogen (Eugene, USA).