As anticipated in the forewords, this book aims at describing the current scenario in spinal cord injury (SCI) regeneration strategies, pointing toward most promising research directions in this wide and complex field. Recent results and clinical achievements from Prof. Courtine's team opened tremendous new directions for restoring patients' functionality, but not by directly regenerating injured tissue, rather by electronically bypassing the lesion gap.Indeed, even if many preclinical studies and promising approaches have been proposed for SCI treatment basing on regenerative purposes, unfortunately nowadays none of them showed relevant efficacy when translated to human patients [1,2]. One of the main reasons is that many cell-based and/or pharmacological approaches are directed only to one specific and single pathway and did not consider combination-based therapies that simultaneously work on neuroprotection (against primary injury) and neuroregeneration of the damaged tissue [3]. Moreover, other problems are strictly related to conventional pharmacological treatments and potential side effects associated. Indeed the most commonly used strategy is represented by continuous infusion by minipumps [4,5]: advantages are associated with immediate drug efficacy and limited side effects. Unfortunately, various drawbacks restrict the applicability of this route of administration, such as limited drug diffusion into the spinal cord segment and cerebrospinal fluid clearance of about 5 h. Higher doses and repeated injections are hence required. Furthermore, problems due to surgery and catheter placement are also frequently reported together with infections [4].Recently, novel engineered biocompatible scaffolds obtained high interest in SCI treatment because they tackle some of the key features of this disease such as the
CONCLUSIONS 307Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Repair Strategies.