In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin

Wilson, Donald R.; Berardesca, Enzo; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03478.x

Cited by 92 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In particular, after stripping Asians showed the highest TEWL (Asians 1.7 times greater than Caucasians). 9,10 They concluded a resemblance with previous studies, 11,12 which concluded that skin permeability measured by TEWL, was higher in blacks than in Caucasians. They also concluded that Asian skin had the highest permeability among the study groups.…”

Section: Question 2: Do the Biophysical Properties Of Asian Skin Diffsupporting

confidence: 70%

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

Prakoeswa

2016

IJTID

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Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, with relapsing remitting course. Management of AD is challenging due to the complexities of this disease. Two hypotheses concerning the mechanism of AD have been proposed. One holds that the primary defect resides in an immunologic disturbance that causes Ig E-mediated sensitization, with epithelial barrier dysfunction regarded as a consequence of the local inflammation. The others propose that an intrinsic defect in the epithelial cells leads to the barrier dysfunction; the immunologic aspects is considered to be an epiphenomenon. Many studies support that AD is a complex trait which has interactions between genes and environmental factors contributing to disease manifestation, but the result of replicate association between genetic markers and AD is inconsistence. An important factor contributing to this inconsistency is related to population diversity. It is possible that certain genetic markers might contribute to increase the risk in certain ethnic population but not in others

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Section: Question 2: Do the Biophysical Properties Of Asian Skin Diffsupporting

confidence: 70%

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

Prakoeswa

2016

IJTID

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“…Most studies have demonstrated that Blacks have a greater TEWL than Whites but these have been on small numbers of subjects. For instance, Wilson et al [43] reported that TEWL was 1.1· that of Caucasians and Kompaore et al found significantly higher TEWL after tape stripping in Blacks and Asians. Others have reported the opposite on larger numbers of individuals, e.g.…”

Section: Stratum Corneum Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Skin surface temperature differences can contribute to the differences in TEWL. However, Wilson et al [43] measured TEWL in vitro for cadaver skin from subjects with black or white skin. In these controlled conditions black skin had a significantly higher mean TEWL compared with the skin from the white subjects.…”

Section: Stratum Corneum Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?¹

Rawlings¹

2006

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

323

277

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SynopsisPeople of skin of colour comprise the majority of the world's population and Asian subjects comprise more than half of the total population of the earth. Even so, the literature on the characteristics of the subjects with skin of colour is limited. Several groups over the past decades have attempted to decipher the underlying differences in skin structure and function in different ethnic skin types. However, most of these studies have been of small scale and in some studies interindividual differences in skin quality overwhelm any racial differences. There has been a recent call for more studies to address genetic together with phenotypic differences among different racial groups and in this respect several large-scale studies have been conducted recently. The most obvious ethnic skin difference relates to skin colour which is dominated by the presence of melanin. The photoprotection derived from this polymer influences the rate of the skin aging changes between the different racial groups. However, all racial groups are eventually subjected to the photoaging process. Generally Caucasians have an earlier onset and greater skin wrinkling and sagging signs than other skin types and in general increased pigmentary problems are seen in skin of colour although one large study reported that East Asians living in the U.S.A. had the least pigment spots. Induction of a hyperpigmentary response is thought to be through signaling by the protease-activated receptor-2 which together with its activating protease is increased in the epidermis of subjects with skin of colour. Changes in skin biophysical properties with age demonstrate that the more darkly pigmented subjects retaining younger skin properties compared with the more lightly pigmented groups. However, despite having a more compact stratum corneum (SC) there are conflicting reports on barrier function in these subjects. Nevertheless, upon a chemical or mechanical challenge the SC barrier function is reported to be stronger in subjects with darker skin despite having the reported lowest ceramide levels. One has to remember that barrier function relates to the total architecture of the SC and not just its lipid levels. Asian skin is reported to possess a similar basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to Caucasian skin and similar ceramide levels but upon mechanical challenge it has the weakest barrier function. Differences in intercellular cohesion are obviously apparent. In contrast reduced SC natural moisturizing factor levels have been reported compared with Caucasian and African American skin. These differences will contribute to differences in desquamation but few data are available. One recent study has shown reduced epidermal Cathepsin L2 levels in darker skin types which if also occurs in the SC could contribute to the known skin ashing problems these subjects experience. In very general terms as the desquamatory enzymes are extruded with the lamellar granules subjects with lowered SC lipid levels are expected to have lowered desquamatory enzyme levels...

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“…Skin surface temperature is one of the essential factors that dictate the rate of TEWL in normal skin (24,25,(28)(29)(30). In normal human skin, TEWL has been shown to increase exponentially with skin temperature both ex vivo (31,32) and in vivo (25,30,33). A similar finding has been noted in hairless mouse skin; however, the effect is more pronounced in this species than that found in man (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Effects of Three Anesthetic Regimens on Bioengineering Methods Conducted on Ventral Abdominal Skin of Weanling Swine

Graham

Reid

Niemoth

et al. 2004

Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information 106Graham et al.abdominal wound sites. As anesthetic agents affect cardiac output and deep vascular and cutaneous microcirculation in many species, there was a need to identify an anesthetic regimen with minimal effects on baseline measurements. The effects of three anesthetic regimens on reflectance colorimetry, transepidermal water loss, and laser Doppler perfusion imaging were studied in unexposed control animals. Methods:The following regimens were tested on six female Yorkshire swine (weanlings, 8-11 kg): repeated, separate intramuscular (i.m.) injections of ketamine HC1 and xylazine HC1 (K/X, at 20 ± 2 mg/kg and 2 ± 0.2 mg/kg, respectively), repeated i.m. injections of a tiletamine HC1/zolazepam HCl/xylazine HCl combination (T/X, at 2.2 mg/kg, 2.2 mg/kg, and 4.4 mg/kg, respectively), and the tiletamine HC1/zolazepam HC1/xylazine HC1 combination as a preanesthetic and isoflurane inhalation to maintain anesthesia (T/X/Iso; dosage of tiletamine HC1/ zolazepam HCl/xylazine HC1 was the same as listed above, with 2.5-3.0% isoflurane in oxygen at an initial flow rate of 2 L/min, reduced to 1.0%-1.5% at 0.8-1.0 L/min for maintenance). Each regimen was administered in three iterations within a week (every other day), with a minimum 1-week washout period between regimens.Results: The effect of the anesthetic regimens on bioengineering assessments of ventral abdominal skin was evaluated. For reflectance colorimetry, regimens T/X and K/X had a narrower range of readings over the three testing days than T/X/Iso. Either T/X or K/X was suitable, with T/X preferred because of a lesser blanching effect. T/X or T/X/Iso were preferred for transepidermal water loss readings, because overall they depressed transepidermal water loss rates less than did K/X. T/X, T/X/Iso, and K/X all affected cutaneous blood flow, with no clear preference. Conclusions: Overall, T/X produced the most consistent results with the fewest anesthetic effects.

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In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin

Cited by 92 publications

References 10 publications

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?¹

Effects of Three Anesthetic Regimens on Bioengineering Methods Conducted on Ventral Abdominal Skin of Weanling Swine

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In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin

Cited by 92 publications

References 10 publications

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

Ethnic and Atopic Dermatitis: What Have We Learned in Asian Population?

Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?1

Effects of Three Anesthetic Regimens on Bioengineering Methods Conducted on Ventral Abdominal Skin of Weanling Swine

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Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?¹