“…Our results were in agreement with the observations of Johnson et al [25] , Wesely et al [26] and Johnson et al [27][28][29][30] . They reported that surface sterilization exceeding 5 min was lethal to explants whereas, the present study showed that above 3 min of surface sterilization was lethal to nodal segments and shoot tip of A. aspera and A. bidentata.…”