In-vivo Anti-typhoid Activities of Ethanol Stem Bark Extract of Bridelia ferruginea (Wild) in Albino Rats Infected with Salmonella typhi

Abstract

Aims: To study the In-vivo anti-typhoid activities of ethanol stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea in albino rats infected with Salmonella typhi. 
 Study Design: Experimental design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Between January, 2019 and June, 2019.
 Methodology: Fresh stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea were collected, dried, powered and extracted using 70% ethanol. Twenty – seven rats of same age between 90 -120 g in weight were selected and divided into 9 groups containing three each. The infectivity dose (ID) was determined with the clinical S. typhi. After which the rats were infected and orally administered various standard doses of the B. ferruginea stem bark extract (50-5000 mg/kg) accordingly for 7 days. During the treatment period, the fecal samples were collected to monitor the ability of the extract to reduce the fecal shedding of S. typhi. Also, the rats were weighed daily to establish the effect of treatment on their metabolism.
 Results: Ethanol extract of B. ferruginea Stem bark at concentrations of 50 mg/ml – 100 mg/ml, didn’t produce any zone of inhibition but from 300-5000mg/ml produce zone of inhibition (ZI) at 2.00-18.33 mm (P< 0.05) on culture of clinical S. typhi isolate and on typed S. typhi isolate zones of inhibitions were seen at concentrations 50mg/ml-5000mg/ml, it produced ZI of 8.00 – 26.19 mm(P< 0.05). Minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract on the clinical S. typhiis 300mg/ml while on the typed isolate the minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract was 2600 mg/ml on ethanol extract respectively. The MBC for the two S. typhi isolates were 300 mg/ml and 1000 mg/ml respectively. The in-vivo investigation showed the ethanol extract of B. ferruginea stem bark on S. typhi colony forming units per ml (cfu/ml) of suspensions of faeces of infected rats and treated with the ethanol extract of B. ferruginea stem bark decreased significantly (P< 0.05) as the days of the treatment increased while the cfu/ml of the infected but untreated group significantly (P< 0.05) increased. There were no significant (P< 0.05) difference between weights of S. typhi un-infected, infected rats treated with Ciprofloxacin and ethanol extract of B. ferruginea stem bark but weight of the untreated group significantly (P< 0.05) decreased. Preliminary phytochemical screening of stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea ethanol extract revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenoid were pharmacological importance.
 Conclusion: The in-vivo anti- typhoid activity of stem-bark ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea was found to be relatively safe against Salmonella typhi.

Bridelia ferruginea Benth.; An ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological review

“…The roots, bark and leaves are constituents of an infusion by the Yorubas (Nigeria) mostly given to children ( Burkill, 1994 ). Ethanolic stem bark extracts’ activity against Salmonella typhi ( Dada and Akinyele, 2020 ) may justify its traditional application in the management of enteric fever. The leaves and bark decoctions are used as malaria therapy in some parts of Nigeria ( Odugbemi et al., 2007 ).…”

“…No activity against P. frutescens and E. coli ( Talla et al., 2002 ) MIC MIC (5 ± 0.9–9.5 ± 2 mg/mL) Leaves Hexane Agar disc diffusion method 1 mg of extract for 10 mL of Tween 80 Streptomycin (10 μg), erhytromycin (5 μg), tetracycline (10 μg), penicillin (1 i.u. ), chloramphenicol (10 μg) Growth of B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. faecalis, P. frutescens and E. coli were inhibited ( Talla et al., 2002 ) MIC MIC (4 ± 1–13 ± 1 mg/mL) Bark Ethanolic Agar well diffusion method 100 μL (agar well) Ciprofloxacin disc Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., Actinobacillus sp., Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 10031 were sensitive to the extract ( Akinsete & Adebayo-tayo, 2017 ) MIC 20–100% (MIC) Trypanocidal activity Stem bark Methanolic Parasitaemia determination 20 mg/kg Parasite ( Trypanosoma brucei ) reduction in infected rats treated with the extract ( Ekanem et al., 2008 ) Anti-infective activity Ripe Stem bark Aqueous Bacterial sensitivity testing 0.1 ml Ceftazidime 30 μg, ceftriaxone 30 μg, gentamicin 10 μg Extract possesses antifungal anti-bacterial properties ( Dada-Adegbola et al., 2010 ) Anti-typhoid activity Stem bark Ethanolic Anti-typhoid sensitivity test 50–5000 mg/mL Ciprofloxacin Varied zones of growth inhibition observed in the clinical and typed isolates ( Dada and Akinyele, 2020 ) Stem bark Ethanolic MIC, MBC 50–5000 mg/mL Ciprofloxacin The MIC, MBC values were 300, 300 and 2600, 1000 mg/mL for clinical and typed S. typhi respectively ...…”

“…The extract was found to be bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) at 300, 300 and 2600, 1000 mg/mL in clinical and typed isolates respectively. There was a decreasing shed in S. typhi in groups treated with the extract and Ciprofloxacin ( Dada and Akinyele, 2020 ).…”

“…The leaves have been evaluated for antidiabetic ( Aja, 2013 ; Njamen et al., 2012 ; Onyenibe and Udogadi, 2019 ), antioxidant ( Fabiyi et al., 2012 ), antimicrobial ( Adebayo and Ishola, 2009 ), repellent ( Loko et al., 2017 ) and fibroblast growth stimulation ( Adetutu et al., 2011 ) properties. The stem and stem bark have demonstrated anti-inflammatory ( Olajide et al., 2000 ), antioxidant ( Oloyede et al., 2014 ), antimicrobial ( Adebayo and Ishola, 2009 ) antityphoid ( Dada and Akinyele, 2020 ), anthelmintic ( Adebayo and Joshua, 2018 ), antiplasmodial ( Mbah et al., 2012 ), analgesic ( Akuodor et al., 2011 ), antipyretic ( Olajide et al., 2000 ) and diuretic ( Nene-Bi et al., 2012 ) properties. The root ( Adebayo and Ishola, 2009 ) and the fruits ( Akinpelu and Olorunmola, 2000 ) are reported as antimicrobial agents.…”