In Vivo Antioxidant and Antiulcer Activity of Parkia speciosa Ethanolic Leaf Extract against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Abstract

BackgroundThe current study was carried out to examine the gastroprotective effects of Parkia speciosa against ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury in rats.Methodology/Principal FindingsSprague Dawley rats were separated into 7 groups. Groups 1–2 were orally challenged with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); group 3 received 20 mg/kg omeprazole and groups 4–7 received 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract, respectively. After 1 h, CMC or absolute ethanol was given orally to groups 2–7. The rats were sacrificed after 1 h. Then, the injuries to the gastric mucosa were estimated through assessment of the gastric wall mucus, the gross appearance of ulcer areas, histology, immunohistochemistry and enzymatic assays. Group 2 exhibited significant mucosal injuries, with reduced gastric wall mucus and severe damage to the gastric mucosa, whereas reductions in mucosal injury were observed for groups 4–7. Groups 3–7 demonstrated a reversal in the decrease in Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining induced by ethanol. No symptoms of toxicity or death were observed during the acute toxicity tests.ConclusionTreatment with the extract led to the upregulation of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and the downregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX. Significant increases in the levels of the antioxidant defense enzymes glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the gastric mucosal homogenate were observed, whereas that of a lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) was significantly decreased. Significance was defined as p<0.05 compared to the ulcer control group (Group 2).

Gastroprotective effect of crocin in ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats

“…The high GUI observed in ethanol-treated rats indicates a potent ulcerogenic effect of ethanol which is in harmony with previous studies [36][37][38]. The significant decrease in the GUI of ethanoltreated rats upon pretreatment with crocin indicates a marked gastroprotective ability for crocin.…”

“…A similar pattern of ethanol-induced alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers was recently reported [38]. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the generated ROS and the available antioxidant capacity.…”

Protective effect of salusin-α and salusin-β against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats

“…TNF-α and IL-1β, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other mediators contribute to the inflammation process as an immune response [39,40]. It was reported in previous studies that the ROS and TNF-α levels increased the apoptosis in the gastric tissue [3,5,41]. In previous studies, it has been shown that salusin-β might increase the inflammatory factors by increasing the I-κBa/NF-κB signal pathway activation [21].…”

“…The mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced gastric ulcer are not fully defined. However, some evidence have been offered to demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and apoptosis play important roles in the pathogenesis of ulcer [3][4][5][6][7]. Ethanol inhibits the mitochondrial electron transfer system and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thus causing cellular injury [8].…”

Evaluation of a poly-herbal preparation for the treatment of peptic ulcer

“…It decreases discharge of bicarbonate, suppresses the production of gastric mucosa (Al Batran et al, 2013). This action destroys the protective mucosal layer and renders the cells of stomach lining exposed to proteolytic and hydrolytic actions of gastric acid (Sener et al, 2004).…”