In vivo CT imaging of gold nanoparticle-labeled exosomes in a myocardial infarction mouse model

Abstract

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the primary factor leading to cardiovascular diseases, which are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been reported to improve heart function after MI; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this are unknown. In vivo imaging can reveal the trafficking process and in vivo biodistribution of exosomes, which may provide an insight into the communication mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of exosomes.Methods: Glucose modified gold nanoparticles were used to label MSC-derived exosomes, aimed at minimizing membrane damage and maintaining the integrity of the exosomes. After labeling, the exosomes were visualized by in vivo computed tomography (CT) imaging to determine the biodistribution at 4 and 24 h after injection into a MI mouse model.Results: MSC-derived exosomes were successfully labeled by glucose modified gold nanoparticles and CT imaging of these labeled exosomes indicated that MSC-Exo remained in the MI area for up to 24 h after intramyocardial injection. Additionally, few MSC-Exo were observed in some other organs, particularly the liver, spleen, and kidney.Conclusions: A gentle method was used for loading GNPs into exosomes, and their successful labeling without causing aggregation was verified. In vivo CT imaging revealed the retention of MSC-Exo in the MI area, indicating their usefulness for improving heart function after infarction.

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“…The induction of the AMI was performed as described previously [ 34 ]. Briefly, following anesthetization with 2% isoflurane, the heart was exposed through a small chest incision, and the left main descending coronary artery (LCA) was located and permanently ligated with a 7-0 silk suture 2-3 mm from the origin of the left atrium.…”

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“…Other detection methods involving plasmonic nanomaterials have also been reported [ 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ]. One of these methods is to use cantilever arrays to respond to the molecular binding of multiple targets [ 100 ].…”

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“…The application forms are diverse, including local injection, smearing, exosome-loaded scaffolds, etc. Gong et al (2021) performed intramyocardial injection of gold nanoparticle-labeled exosomes in a myocardial infarction mouse model. In vivo CT imaging showed that majority of MSC-Exos remained in the MI area for up to 24 h after injection, and only few spread to other organs, indicating local injection as an effective way to deliver exosomes to limited treatment areas (Gong et al, 2021).…”

“… Gong et al (2021) performed intramyocardial injection of gold nanoparticle-labeled exosomes in a myocardial infarction mouse model. In vivo CT imaging showed that majority of MSC-Exos remained in the MI area for up to 24 h after injection, and only few spread to other organs, indicating local injection as an effective way to deliver exosomes to limited treatment areas ( Gong et al, 2021 ). Mohammed et al (2018) studied the use of ADSC-Exos as adjunctive therapy to nonsurgical periodontal treatment.…”