In vivo cytogenetic studies on mice exposed to natural food colourings

Agarwal, Kalpana; Mukherjee, Anita; Chakrabarti, J.

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)90160-0

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Safflower yellow and Kokum red have shown to have clastogenic effects in mice bone marrow (Agarwal et al, 1994). Tartrazine, a widespread food colorant has been linked to irritability, restlessness and sleep disturbance in children (Rowe and Rowe, 1994).…”

Section: Food Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural food additives: Quo vadis?

Carocho

Morales

Ferreira

2015

Trends in Food Science & Technology

476

269

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In a time where the public is more aware and interested with what they eat, natural additives have been gaining interest both from the food industries and the consumers.Some studies show that consumers prefer food prepared with natural additives rather than chemical ones, due to health reasons. Although quite promising, natural additives still face some drawbacks and limitations as well as conflicting information. In this manuscript, the most important natural additives are overviewed, as well as their use, benefits and risks. The future of these molecules along with new types of additives are also summarized. Keywords: natural food additives, antimicrobials, antioxidants, sweeteners, colorings Food as a basic needThe importance of food for mankind is undeniable; there is still no way of living without eating, therefore, this commodity is of utmost importance for the well-being of every man, woman and child across the world. Although the need to feed has maintained itself immutable across the ages, the way we consume foodstuffs has seen deep changes. From the local gatherers in the Paleolithic to the domestications of animals and vegetables there was a huge leap, only surpassed by the commercial trading of spices and other goods in the fifteenth century. Today, in modern countries food is produced in specific facilities and then transported to markets that can be within the same country or even in distant ones (Atkins and Bowler, 2001). Delivering food in good conditions from the production site to the consumer requires a great load of energy, either by refrigeration, controlled packaging or the use of additives to avoid spoilage and reduce food alteration. In a competitive global market, the least expensive method of food preservation is always favored, and in most cases, food additives are 3 chosen over the others. Furthermore, food additives are essential to enable the food industry to make food meet the increasingly challenging market and legal demands (Saltmarsh et al., 2013). Food additivesThe Codex Alimentarius defines a food additive as "any substance not normally consumed as a food itself and not normally used as a typical ingredient of the food, whether or not it has nutritive value, the intentional addition of which to food for a technological (including organoleptic) purpose in the manufacture, processing, preparation treatment, packing, packaging, transport or holding of such food results, or may be reasonably expected to result, (directly or indirectly) in it or its by-products becoming a component of or otherwise affecting the characteristics of such foods. The term does not include contaminants, or substances added to food for maintaining or improving nutritional qualities, or sodium chloride" (Codex Alimentarius; Motarjemi, Moy and Todd, 2014). The Food and Drug Administration of the United States (FDA) defines a food additive as "any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result --directly or indirectly --in its becoming a component or otherwise aff...

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Section: Food Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural food additives: Quo vadis?

Carocho

Morales

Ferreira

2015

Trends in Food Science & Technology

476

269

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Further investigations were carried out on both traditional and commercial hibiscus drink to evaluate the acceptability and antagonistic effects of these food colorants drinks as foodstuff for human and animal feeding [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Colorant on Cytogenetic, Biochemical and Histochemical Parameters and Quality Changes during Storage of some Commercial Fruit Drinks

Eissa¹,

Hassanane²,

Sharaf³

2014

J Nutr Food Sci

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In this research, several physical and chemical properties were identified for some commercial fruit drink samples (pear, cherry, strawberries and red grape) stored at 4°C for six months. Color, pigment, tannin contribution and anthocyanin analyses were done monthly. Commercial fruit drinks were ingested into mice to evaluate its influences on chromosomal aberrations and biochemical contents (glucose content, GOT and GPT). Also, the influence of these drinks on histochemical and histopathological in the liver of mice was evaluated. Statistical analyses of obtained results of studied properties revealed that the effects of storage time on L*, a*, b*, C*, H*, BI, polymeric color, color density and total anthocyanin were found to be high correlation coefficient in commercial drink. The total anthocyanin values decreased with increasing storage time in pear and strawberry drinks, but increased with increasing storage time in cherry and red grape drinks. The results show that the all commercial fruit drink caused a highly significant increase in structural chromosomal aberrations more than control. GOT and GPT activity and glucose content in both plasma and liver were also more stimulated by commercial drink. Moreover, results showed a considerable increase in all parameters compared to the control of especially the commercial fruit drink. The results were discussed with particular references to the evaluation of cytogenetic studies on fruit drink in general. In the present study, the histological examination of liver treated with commercial drink revealed liver tissue mostly normal. Also, pigment of commercial drink or food coloring agent has toxicological and histochemical harmful effects on liver.

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“…A micronucleus test of Amaranth, Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF in mouse gut was also negative (Poul et al, 2009). Positive results were reported in tests for chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow with Sunset Yellow FCF (Sayed et al, 2012), Tartrazine (Giri et al, 1990;Farag et al, 2001) and Ponceau 4R (Agarwal et al, 1993) In the light of the ADME data reviewed some conclusions can be drawn on the structure activity relationships within these compounds. There appear to be a correlation between the presence of a sulphonated group in the azo dye structure and a decrease in the reactivity of the dye and/or its metabolites, whereas generally inclusion of an aromatic amine or nitro group into the azo dye structure increases the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the dye itself and/or its metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…injection with Ponceau 4R (Agarwal et al 1993). The substance was administered in a dose range from 4 to 20 mg/kg bw and the animals were sacrificed 24 hours after treatment.…”

Section: In Vivo Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statement on Allura Red AC and other sulphonated mono azo dyes authorised as food and feed additives

2013

EFSA Journal

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The ANS Panel has been asked by EFSA to assess the new scientific information that has become available since the adoption of the opinion on the re-evaluation of the food colouring agent Allura Red AC in 2009, in particular the positive findings from an in vivo comet assay in mice. The findings from this study have been interpreted in conjunction with all the available relevant data from genotoxicity testing, metabolism and carcinogenicity, and in consideration of possible species differences between mouse and rat. These new data have been considered in the context of the overall relevant data available not only for Allura Red AC but also for a number of other structurally related sulphonated mono azo dyes authorised as food additives, namely: Amaranth, Ponceau 4R, Sunset Yellow FCF, Tartrazine and Azorubine/Carmoisine. The Panel concluded that the new data by themselves were insufficient at this time to change the conclusions of the 2009 opinion on the safety of Allura Red AC and that there is currently no reason to revise the ADI. The read-across exercise has highlighted a shared pattern of effects for this class of substances that would warrant further investigation The Panel therefore recommended a repetition of the in vivo comet assay in mice, to be performed in compliance with the most recent and internationally validated experimental protocol, using whole cells and examining a wide range of tissues. These recommendations apply to all the sulphonated mono azo dyes included in this review. This request originates from an opinion adopted by the FEEDAP Panel in April 2012 on the reevaluation of the substance for use in feedingstuffs for cats and dogs. In its opinion, the FEEDAP Panel had concluded that the genotoxic potential of Allura Red AC could not be excluded and that the data available were insufficient to demonstrate the safety of the substance for its proposed use.In the context of the re-evaluation of Allura Red AC for use as a food additive, a first positive in vivo comet assay in mice by Tsuda et al. (2001) The ANS Panel critically reviewed the study by Shimada et al. (2010) and noted that these results were observed by a single group of researchers using an in-house developed protocol that uses isolated nuclei from homogenised tissues. Although this protocol was considered to meet the minimum criteria for acceptance of the in vivo comet assay (EFSA, 2012), the Panel noted that such protocol had not been included in the international validation exercise. Under the same experimental conditions, no effect could be observed in the rat. The Panel noted that the same findings observed for Allura Red AC were also reported by Shimada et al. (2010) for the two other authorised food dyes tested in this study, Amaranth and Ponceau 4R.The Panel acknowledged the role of the comet assay as an indicator test for the detection of DNA lesions and/or DNA repair activity and concluded that the findings reported cannot be considered conclusive evidence of mutagenicity, i.e. of induced permanent genetic cha...

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In vivo cytogenetic studies on mice exposed to natural food colourings

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Natural food additives: Quo vadis?

Natural food additives: Quo vadis?

Effect of Colorant on Cytogenetic, Biochemical and Histochemical Parameters and Quality Changes during Storage of some Commercial Fruit Drinks

Statement on Allura Red AC and other sulphonated mono azo dyes authorised as food and feed additives

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