In vivo detection of cortical GABA turnover from intravenously infused [1‐<sup>13</sup>C]D‐glucose

Yang, Jehoon; Li, Charles Q.; Shen, Jun

doi:10.1002/mrm.20473

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…K 1 and H 1 are also taken up by astrocytes and are dissipated through many cells via gap junction coupling. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is removed from the synaptic cleft by astrocytes and is, in part, recycled by the GABA shunt (Erecinska et al, 1996;Yang et al, 2005). Astrocytes are extensively linked by gap junctions, not only to other astrocytes, but also to oligodendrocytes and ependymocytes (Nagy et al, 1992;Ochalski et al, 1997;Ransom and Kettenmann, 1990) and can deposit material at distant sites via end feet connections that surround blood capillaries (Rose and Ransom, 1997).…”

Section: Synaptic Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target?

Blackburn

Sargsyan

Monk

et al. 2009

Glia

157

111

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Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow. To perform these roles, there is a great variety of astrocytes. In this review, we summarize the function of astrocytes, in particular, their role in maintaining homeostasis at the synapse, regulating neuronal signaling, protecting neurons from oxidative damage, and determining the fate of endogenous neural precursors. The review also highlights recent developments indicating the role of astrocytes in motor neuron disease (MND), emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets and agents in cell replacement therapy. The Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene that has been implicated in 20% of cases of familial MND must be expressed in the glial cells as well as motor neurons to produce the disease state in murine models of disease. Selectively reducing mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) in astrocytes does not affect disease onset but slows disease progression, whereas reducing mSOD1 in motor neurons delays disease onset and slows early disease but has less effect on life span. This suggests that glial cells represent potential therapeutic targets in MND. However, the lack of specific markers for astrocytes, their precursors, and sub-types means that our knowledge of astrocyte development/differentiation and response to injury lags far behind our understanding of function. Only by filling this knowledge gap can astrocytes be effectively targeted or replaced to successfully treat chronic CNS disorders such as MND.

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Section: Synaptic Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target?

Blackburn

Sargsyan

Monk

et al. 2009

Glia

157

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Zero-order phase was corrected with no first-order phase or baseline corrections performed. For the multinuclear proton-observed, 13 C-edited and decoupled spectroscopy experiment, the pulse sequence was similar to that used in the proton-only spectroscopy experiment except that a 13 C editing pulse (hyperbolic secant, 2 ms, µ = 3) for subtraction of protons attached to 12 C and WALTZ-4 (γ B 2 = 625 Hz, duration of nominal 90 • pulse length = 400 µs) 13 C decoupling were added [27,30]. TR/TE = 2700/22 ms. NA = 512.…”

Section: Mri/mrs Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we have demonstrated that reproducible high-quality in vivo proton spectra, proton-observed, 13 Cedited and decoupled spectra as well as single-shot 64 × 64 EPI images can be acquired from α-chloralose anesthetized adult rats using an 11.7 T 89 mm bore vertical magnet [23][24][25][26][27][28]. The integrated RF probe systems described here were used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated RF probe for in vivo multinuclear spectroscopy and functional imaging of rat brain using an 11.7 Tesla 89 mm bore vertical microimager

Shen

2005

MAGMA

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To acquire high quality in vivo NMR data from rat brain using a vertical 89-mm bore magnet, specially designed NMR probes with integrated RF coils and animal handling capability are required. An RF probe design that is also capable of rat head fixation, body support and suitable for physiology monitoring and maintenance was constructed for an 89 mm bore, 11.7 T, vertical microimager which is equipped with a 57-mm i.d. gradient insert. Design concept and practical aspects of probe construction are described in detail. The device allows accurate and highly reproducible positioning of rat head inside the magnet while providing excellent RF performance. Typical results from fMRI, localized in vivo proton and multinuclear spectroscopy using this probe system are presented.

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“…A final hyperbolic secant pulse (2.5 ms, μ = 3, 1% truncation) was applied to the 13 C channel to refocus heteronuclear J evolution [25,26]. After a nominal delay of 1/2 1 J CH , the in-phase transferred proton coherence is detected with simultaneous 13 C decoupling using WALTZ4 (9.6 ms per cycle for a total duration of 192 ms, [18]) with carrier frequency of the decoupling pulses placed at Lac C3 at 20.8 ppm. TE2 = 22.6 ms.…”

Section: Pulse Sequence Design and In Vivo Mrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that techniques such as proton-observed-carbon-edited (POCE) [18], heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) [19], or heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) [20] spectroscopy methods should not be used because they detect equilibrium magnetization of 1 H instead of 13 C. Unlike DEPT or heteronuclear Hartmann-Hahn transfer techniques, INEPT forms intermediate longitudinal two-spin order states, which allow water and outer volume suppression (OVS) to be conveniently inserted into the sequence after creation of the longitudinal two-spin order. Here we developed an INEPT-based inverse 13 Cto-1 H heteronuclear polarization transfer technique for spatially localized detection of 13 C magnetization transfer effect of AAT and LDH reactions in vivo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inverse polarization transfer for detecting in vivo 13C magnetization transfer effect of specific enzyme reactions in 1H spectra

Yang

Shen

2008

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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The wide chemical shift dispersion and long T 1 of 13 C have allowed determination of in vivo magnetization transfer effects caused by aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase reactions using 13 C MRS. In this report, we demonstrate that these effects can be observed in the proton spectra by transferring the equilibrium magnetization of 13 C via the one-bond scalar coupling between 13 C and 1 H using an inverse INEPT-based heteronuclear polarization transfer method. This inverse method allows a combination of the advantages of the long 13 C T 1 for maximum magnetization transfer and the high sensitivity of proton detection. The feasibility of this in vivo inverse polarization transfer approach was evaluated for detecting the 13 C magnetization transfer effect of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase reactions from a 72.5 μL voxel in the rat brain at 11.7 Tesla.

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In vivo detection of cortical GABA turnover from intravenously infused [1‐¹³C]D‐glucose

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target?

Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target?

Integrated RF probe for in vivo multinuclear spectroscopy and functional imaging of rat brain using an 11.7 Tesla 89 mm bore vertical microimager

Inverse polarization transfer for detecting in vivo 13C magnetization transfer effect of specific enzyme reactions in 1H spectra

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In vivo detection of cortical GABA turnover from intravenously infused [1‐13C]D‐glucose

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target?

Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target?

Integrated RF probe for in vivo multinuclear spectroscopy and functional imaging of rat brain using an 11.7 Tesla 89 mm bore vertical microimager

Inverse polarization transfer for detecting in vivo 13C magnetization transfer effect of specific enzyme reactions in 1H spectra

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In vivo detection of cortical GABA turnover from intravenously infused [1‐¹³C]D‐glucose