In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Healthy and Benign Rat Mammary Tissues from 500 MHz to 18 GHz

Yilmaz, Tuba; Alkan, Fatma

doi:10.3390/s20082214

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A detailed description of the dielectric property measurement, as well as the description of samples, were given in [7][8][9][10]. Therefore, we briefly explain the sample preparation and dielectric property measurements in this section.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cole-Cole parameters are fitted to the measured dielectric properties with various curve fitting techniques. In this work, the parameters were fitted with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, the details of the technique were described in [6,10]; therefore, it is briefly given in this article. The Cole-Cole equation is given below, (1) where is dielectric constant, is dielectric loss factor, is angular frequency ( = 2πf).…”

Section: Cole-cole Fittingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwave Spectroscopy Based Classification of Rat Hepatic Tissues: On the Significance of Dataset

Yilmaz

2020

Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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With the advancements in machine learning (ML) algorithms, microwave dielectric spectroscopy emerged as a potential new technology for biological tissue and material categorization. Recent studies reported the successful utilization of dielectric properties and Cole-Cole parameters. However, the role of the dataset was not investigated. Particularly, both dielectric properties and Cole-Cole parameters are derived from the S parameter response. This work investigates the possibility of using S parameters as a dataset to categorize the rat hepatic tissues into cirrhosis, malignant, and healthy categories. Using S parameters can potentially remove the need to derive the dielectric properties and enable the utilization of microwave structures such as narrow or wideband antennas or resonators. To this end, in vivo dielectric properties and S parameters collected from hepatic tissues were classified using logistic regression (LR) and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithms. Cole-Cole parameters and a reproduced dielectric property data set were also investigated. Data preprocessing is performed by using standardization a principal component analysis (PCA). Using the AdaBoost algorithm over 93% and 88% accuracy is obtained for dielectric properties and S parameters, respectively. These results indicate that the classification can be performed with a 5% accuracy decrease indicating that S parameters can be an alternative dataset for tissue classification.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cole-cole Fittingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Spectroscopy Based Classification of Rat Hepatic Tissues: On the Significance of Dataset

Yilmaz

2020

Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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“…The experiment setup is shown in Figure 1. Open-ended coaxial probe with 2.2 mm aperture is frequently preferred for dielectric property measurements of biological tissues and high permittivity, high loss liquid or gel-like materials; therefore, the probe was selected for this work [11,15]. The (VNA) was used to collect the S parameter response between 0.5 and 6 GHz with 55 MHz increments.…”

Section: Experiments Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dielectric properties of biological tissues are pivotal design parameters for the development of such devices [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Among other dielectric property measurement techniques, open-ended coaxial probe technique has been a widely preferred data collection method due to several advantages including non-destructive measurement features, broadband measurement capabilities, and flexible sample requirements [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Therefore, the technique is widely utilized to quantify the in vivo and ex vivo dielectric properties of different biological materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: Sensing Depth Investigation of Open-Ended Coaxial Probes

Aydınalp

Joof

Yilmaz

2021

Sensors

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Dielectric properties of biological tissues are traditionally measured with open-ended coaxial probes. Despite being commercially available for laboratory use, the technique suffers from high measurement error. This prevents the practical applications of the open-ended coaxial probes. One such application is the utilization of the technique for skin cancer detection. To enable a diagnostic tool, there is a need to address the error sources. Among others, tissue heterogeneity is a major contributor to measurement error. The effect of tissue heterogeneity on measurement accuracy can be decreased by quantifying the probe sensing depth. To this end, this work (1) investigates the sensing depth of the 2.2 mm-diameter open-ended coaxial probe for skin mimicking material and (2) offers a simple experimental setup and protocol for sensing depth characterization of open-ended coaxial probes. The sensing depth characterized through simulation and experiments using two double-layered configurations composed to mimic the skin tissue heterogeneity. Three thresholds in percent increase of dielectric property measurements were chosen to determine the sensing depth. Based on the experiment results, it was concluded that the sensing depth was effected by the dielectric property contrast between the layers. That is, high contrast results in rapid change whereas low contrast results in a slower change in measured dielectric properties. It was also concluded that the sensing depth was independent of frequency between 0.5 to 6 GHz and was mostly determined by the material located immediately at the aperture of the probe.

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“…These studies formed the dielectric property database for the microwave breast cancer research on imaging and hyperthermia applications. Recently, in vivo rat breast tissue dielectric properties have been explored to unveil other diagnostic applications such as potential use of open-ended coaxial probes for biopsy purposes [ 9 ]. It should be noted that the emerging diagnostic applications of the technique have also revealed the need to measure the experiment animal breast tissue dielectric properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Accurate Microwave Characterization of Tissues: Sensing Depth Analysis of Open-Ended Coaxial Probes with Ex Vivo Rat Breast and Skin Tissues

2021

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Dielectric properties of biological materials are commonly characterized with open-ended coaxial probes due to the broadband and non-destructive measurement capabilities. Recently, potential diagnostics applications of the technique have been investigated. Although the technique can successfully classify the tissues with different dielectric properties, the classification accuracy can be improved for tissues with similar dielectric properties. Increase in classification accuracy can be achieved by addressing the error sources. One well-known error source contributing to low measurement accuracy is tissue heterogeneity. To mitigate this error source, there is a need define the probe sensing depth. Such knowledge can enable application-specific probe selection or design. The sensing depth can also be used as an input to the classification algorithms which can potentially improve the tissue classification accuracy. Towards this goal, this work investigates the sensing depth of a commercially available 2.2 mm aperture diameter probe with double-layered configurations using ex vivo rat breast and skin tissues. It was concluded that the dielectric property contrast between the heterogeneous tissue components has an effect on the sensing depth. Also, a membrane layer (between 0.4–0.8 mm thickness) on the rat wet skin tissue and breast tissue will potentially affect the dielectric property measurement results by 52% to 84%.

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In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Healthy and Benign Rat Mammary Tissues from 500 MHz to 18 GHz

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Microwave Spectroscopy Based Classification of Rat Hepatic Tissues: On the Significance of Dataset

Microwave Spectroscopy Based Classification of Rat Hepatic Tissues: On the Significance of Dataset

Towards Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: Sensing Depth Investigation of Open-Ended Coaxial Probes

Towards Accurate Microwave Characterization of Tissues: Sensing Depth Analysis of Open-Ended Coaxial Probes with Ex Vivo Rat Breast and Skin Tissues

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