In Vivo Efficacy of Clove Essential Oil Ointment for Microsporum gallinae Avian Dermatophytosis—A Randomized Controlled Trial

Junnu, Sucheeva; Borlace, Glenn N.; Thongkham, Eakachai; Aiemsaard, Jareerat

doi:10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00035

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Ointment formulations are topical drugs that have very good skin adhesion properties and also act to hydrate the skin by protecting it from water loss. Good adhesion to the animal's skin allows the drug to remain active and last for a long time in the lesion site [33,34]. The lipophilic properties of ointment bases make them compatible with lipophilic active plant compounds and promote their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antimicrobial examination and efficacy of Eryngium foetidum L. extract for skin ointment in animal infectious dermatitis treatment

Punareewattana¹,

Borlace²,

Seubsasana³

et al. 2023

ScienceAsia

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The development of new antimicrobial formulations for the treatment of animal infectious dermatitis is important as current antimicrobial treatments can have undesirable effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of an Eryngium foetidum L. ethanolic extract against a bacterium, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius; a yeast, Malassezia pachydermatis; and three dermatophytes, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes; all of which are the most common animal skin pathogens causing dermatitis. A viscous semi-solid crude extract was obtained at a yield of 30.6% dry weight. Quantitative analysis of the chemical constituents of the extract by spectrophotometry revealed 3.62 mg GAE/g extract of total phenolic, 1.77 mg CE/g extract of total flavonoid, and 10.11 mg/g extract of total carotenoid contents. HPLC-DAD analysis of the carotenoid content showed that β-carotene and lutein were present at 5.17 and 4.43 mg/g extract, respectively. Antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution test found that the E. foetidum extract had MIC, MBC and MFC values in the range of 6.25 to 25.0 mg/ml; and the time-kill test indicated that this effect was both dose and time dependent. Ointment formulations containing the extract at concentrations of 5, 7.5 and 10% w/w had high microbicidal activity against the tested pathogens and retained their activity and physical properties after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The results of this study show the potential of E. foetidum extract to be developed as a novel antimicrobial formulation for treatment of infectious dermatitis in pets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antimicrobial examination and efficacy of Eryngium foetidum L. extract for skin ointment in animal infectious dermatitis treatment

Punareewattana¹,

Borlace²,

Seubsasana³

et al. 2023

ScienceAsia

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“…The disease is usually chronic and progressive but not fatal. Nevertheless, avian dermatophytosis causes stress to the animal, decreasing its quality of life as well as the quality of the carcass, possibly affecting the economic productivity of broilers, laying hens, and breeder chickens [6,7]. M. gallinae is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites, such as poultry litter, clothes, equipment, and tools [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of common disinfection processes against infective spores (arthroconidia) and mycelia of Microsporum gallinae causing avian dermatophytosis

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Microsporum gallinae is the major dermatophyte species that causes avian dermatophytosis. Disinfection plays an important role in controlling and preventing dermatophytosis; however, information about the effect of common disinfection processes on M. gallinae is limited. This study aimed to investigate the disinfection efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, heat treatment, detergents, and germicides against infective spores (arthroconidia) and vegetative mycelia of M. gallinae. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, ethanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, phenol, povidone-iodine, and sodium hypochlorite germicides against arthroconidia and mycelia of M. gallinae American type culture collection (ATCC) 90749 were determined by broth microdilution. Time-kill assays were used to determine the fungicidal efficacy of moist heat treatment, UV irradiation, commercially available detergents, and germicides. Results: There were no significant differences between the arthroconidia and mycelia growth stages of M. gallinae ATCC 90749 in the magnitude of the log10 cell reductions in the number of viable fungal cells induced by the disinfection treatments (all p > 0.05). Moist heat treatment at 40°C did not reduce the number of viable fungal cells at any time (1–60 min); however, treatment at 50°C for 25 min and either 60°C or 80°C for 5 min eliminated > 99.999% of viable fungal cells. Irradiation of fungal cultures with UVC and UVB at doses higher than or equal to 0.4 and 0.8 J/cm2, respectively, resulted in a 5-log10 reduction in the number of viable fungal cells, whereas UVA only reduced the number of viable fungal cells by < 2-log10 up to a dose of 1.6 J/cm2. All the tested detergents demonstrated minimal fungicidal effects with < 1-log10 reductions in the number of viable fungal cells at concentrations up to 8% w/v. All of the tested germicides eradicated the fungus after treatment for 1 min at 1–1000× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), except for hydrogen peroxide, which was not fungicidal after treatment for 20 min at 100× MIC. Conclusion: Moist heat treatment at temperatures greater than or equal to 50°C, UVC and UVB irradiation at doses higher than or equal to 0.4 and 0.8 J/cm2, respectively, and treatment with all tested germicides except hydrogen peroxide can be considered effective processes for disinfecting the fungus M. gallinae from the equipment employed in poultry farming. In contrast, commercially available detergents are not suitable for use as M. gallinae disinfectants.

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In vivo mosquito repellency effect of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) essential oil bath bomb formulation in dogs

Uopasai,

Senaphan,

Borlace

et al. 2024

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Mosquitoes carry numerous diseases of medical and veterinary significance. While citronella essential oil is safe as a mosquito repellent, extensive research does not document its ability to deter mosquitoes from animals. This study assessed the citronella essential oil bath bomb’s ability to repel Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in dogs. Materials and Methods: Citronella essential oil’s chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Through freeze-thaw testing, a bath bomb formulation containing 6% w/w citronella essential oil was assessed for its physical and chemical stability. Thirty-two healthy client-owned mixed-breed dogs were employed to test the mosquito-repellency effects of citronella essential oil (treatment group) and olive oil (control group) bath bomb formulations. Bath bombs were tested for irritation effects on animal skin for 15-day post-application. Results: Thirty-six compounds were identified through GC-MS, with citronellal (23.38%), δ-cadinene (12.25%), and geraniol (9.09%) being the most prevalent constituents. The bath bomb maintained its original physical properties after undergoing six freeze-thawing cycles and retained over 90% of its citronella essential oil. About 100%, 69.28%, and 65.58% mosquito repellency were displayed by the citronella essential oil bath bomb at 3 h, 6 h, and 8 h, respectively. None of the test animals exhibited skin irritation during the study. Conclusion: The citronella bath bomb effectively repelled C. quinquefasciatus in dogs without irritating their skin. The formulation’s physical and chemical stability is demonstrated by the results of freeze-thaw stability testing. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the repelling activity against other mosquito species. Keywords: bath bomb formulation, Culex quinquefasciatus, Cymbopogon nardus, mosquito repellent, vector control.

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In Vivo Efficacy of Clove Essential Oil Ointment for Microsporum gallinae Avian Dermatophytosis—A Randomized Controlled Trial

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

In vitro antimicrobial examination and efficacy of Eryngium foetidum L. extract for skin ointment in animal infectious dermatitis treatment

In vitro antimicrobial examination and efficacy of Eryngium foetidum L. extract for skin ointment in animal infectious dermatitis treatment

Efficacy of common disinfection processes against infective spores (arthroconidia) and mycelia of Microsporum gallinae causing avian dermatophytosis

In vivo mosquito repellency effect of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) essential oil bath bomb formulation in dogs

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