In vivo forces in the anterior cruciate ligament: Direct measurements during walking and trotting in a quadruped

Holden, John P.; Grood, Edward S.; Korvick, Donna L.; Cummings, J. F.; Butler, David L.; Bylski-Austrow, Donita I.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)90063-9

Cited by 156 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The forces within the ligaments were based on the amount of strain due to stretching, and the force for each ligament was then calculated using strain based spring constants (Shahar and Banks-Sills 2004). The CrCL loading results of this study are similar to those for other quadrupeds measured in vivo (Holden, Grood et al 1994). The CrCL is loaded throughout the stance phase and reaches a peak of 12% body weight (BW) at 40% of stance.…”

Section: In Vitro Studiessupporting

confidence: 58%

“…It was concluded that cranial tibial thrust was converted to caudal tibial thrust after rotation so that the TPA was 0°, but rotation to a TPA of 5° did not eliminate cranial tibial thrust. Due to its correlation with measured forces in goats (Holden, Grood et al 1994), this model was considered partially validated, but several assumptions and limitations remain as were described for each of …”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peak loads in the anterior cruciate ligament of goats were measured in vivo in the first 40% of stance during a slow walk (Holden, Grood et al 1994). Furthermore, a mathematical model also indicated peak CrCL loads in the canine stifle at 40% stance (Shahar and Banks-Sills 2004).…”

Section: Ligament Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a canine stifle computer model to investigate cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

Brown¹

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Section: In Vitro Studiessupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a canine stifle computer model to investigate cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

Brown¹

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“…Third, we used externally applied loads similar to those used in a clinical examination for ACL function, rather than attempting to mimic those during in vivo activities. 39,40 Recently, our collaborators and others have developed biplanar fluoroscopy imaging systems to record in vivo joint kinematics. [41][42][43] These kinematics data could be repeated using our robotic/UFS system such that the in situ forces in the ACL and the augmentation sutures could be determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of bone tunnel placement for suture augmentation of an injured anterior cruciate ligament: Effects on joint stability in a goat model

Fisher

Jung

McMahon

et al. 2010

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Use of novel tissue engineering approaches to heal an injured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) requires suture repair and/or augmentation to provide joint stability. We evaluated the effects of the location of suture augmentation at the femur and tibia in terms of joint stability using a goat model. Eight goat stifle joints were tested with augmentation sutures placed in two femoral tunnel locations: (1) anterior to, or (2) through the ACL footprint, and two tibial tunnel locations: (1) medial to, or (2) medial and lateral to the footprint. Using a robotic/ universal force-moment sensor testing system, the anterior tibial translation (ATT) and the corresponding in situ force carried by the sutures were obtained at 308, 608, and 908 of flexion in response to external loads. No significant differences were found between augmentation groups due to tunnel location in terms of ATT or the in situ forces carried by the sutures at all flexion angles tested. Similar results were found under 5 N m of varus-valgus torque. Under a 67 N anterior tibial load, the ATT was restored to within 3 mm of the intact joint following suture augmentation (p > 0.05). Suture augmentation, when placed close to the ACL insertion, could be helpful in providing initial joint stability to aid ACL healing in the goat model. ß

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“…The indentation tests were performed on the cartilage surface that corresponded to the weight-bearing region if the knee were at 60° flexion ( Fig. 1) (Roemhildt et al, 2006,Holden et al, 1994. The specimen was first submersed in a hypertonic solution (2M NaCl PBS+PI solution) at room temperature.…”

Section: Indentation Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring fixed charge density of goat articular cartilage using indentation methods and biochemical analysis

Fleming

2008

Journal of Biomechanics

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An important indicator of osteoarthritis (OA) progression is the loss of proteoglycan (PG) aggregates from the cartilage tissue. Using the indentation creep test, two analytical methods, as previously developed by Lu et al (2007), for predicting the fixed charge density (FCD) of goat knee articular cartilage in the normal (control) and degenerated states were compared: (1) a "dual-stage" method to calculate FCD from the mechanical properties of the tissue when tested in isotonic and hypertonic solutions; and (2) a "single-stage" method to predict FCD [as in (1)] assuming an intrinsic Poisson's ratio of 0.05 in the hypertonic state. A biochemical analysis using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay was conducted to directly measure PG content, and hence FCD. The association between the FCD and the aggregate modulus of the tissue was also explored. The mean (±SD) FCD values measured using the dual-stage method were the closest (control: 0.129±0.039; degenerated: 0.046±029) to the DMMB results (control: 0.125±0.034; degenerated: 0.057±0.024) as compared to those of the single-stage method (control: 0.147±0.035; degenerated: 0.063±0.026). The single-stage method was the most reliable (r 2 =0.81) when compared to the dual-stage method (r 2 =0.79). A prediction of FCD from the aggregate modulus generated the least reliable FCD prediction (r 2 =0.68). Because both the dual-and single-stage methods provided reliable FCD estimates for normal and degenerated tissue, the less time-consuming single-stage method was concluded to be the ideal technique for predicting FCD and hence PG content of the tissue.

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In vivo forces in the anterior cruciate ligament: Direct measurements during walking and trotting in a quadruped

Cited by 156 publications

References 16 publications

Development of a canine stifle computer model to investigate cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

Development of a canine stifle computer model to investigate cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

Evaluation of bone tunnel placement for suture augmentation of an injured anterior cruciate ligament: Effects on joint stability in a goat model

Measuring fixed charge density of goat articular cartilage using indentation methods and biochemical analysis

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