In Vivo Imaging–Based 3-Dimensional Pelvic Prototype Models to Improve Education Regarding Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

Abstract

Background Myths, misconceptions, and taboos about sexual anatomy and physiology are common and can affect sexual health and maintain harmful practices and beliefs. Aim To construct a female and a preliminary male 3-dimensional (3D) pelvic model on the basis of in vivo imaging, which could be studied in sex education and clinical practice. Methods We retrospectively studied the images of 200 female pelvic magnetic resonance examinations and reviewed the literature to choose the optimum magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol for the study of the clitoris and surrounding organs. We also conducted a cross-sectional study of 30 women who were undergoing a pelvic MRI. 15 women had undergone female genital mutilation/cutting involving the clitoris and 15 had not. The best-quality MRI images of 3 uncut and 1 cut clitoris, together with the principal surrounding pelvic organs, were selected to generate 3D reconstructions using dedicated software. The same software was used to reconstruct the anatomy of the penis and the principal surrounding pelvic organs, based on contrast-enhanced computer tomography images. Images of both models were exported in .stl format and cleaned to obtain single manifold objects in free, open source software. Each organ model was sliced and 3D printed. A preliminary feedback was collected from 13 potential users working in urology, gynaecology, sexual medicine, physiotherapy, and education. Outcomes The main outcomes of this study are a kit of 3D pelvic models, 2-dimensional figures of female and male sexual anatomy, and files for 3D printing. Results We present a kit containing 3D models and 2-dimensional figures of female and male sexual anatomy, based on in vivo imaging and, feedbacks and suggestions received from potential users. Clinical Translation Our kit can be used in anatomy and sex education among and by health professionals, teachers, sex educators, students, and the general population. Strengths & Limitations The strengths are that the models were based on in vivo imaging, can be dismantled/reassembled, and show analogous anatomic structures of the clitoris and the penis. The female models represent diversity, including women with female genital mutilation/cutting. The limitations are that the male model is preliminary and can be improved if based on an MRI; that imaging-based anatomic representations can differ from anatomic dissections; and that the models represent the sexual organs at rest or during an unknown state of arousal only. Conclusion Our kit can be studied in anatomy, biology, and sex education, as well as in clinical practice.

A cross-sectional study on pelvic floor symptoms in women living with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

“…Since most of the participants were recruited at the FGM/C outpatient clinic where they had access to Table 4 FGSIS 1 mean scores of our sample and from the literature [30] 1 Female Genital Self-Image Scale Our study sample showed a positive genital self-image and a satisfactory sexual function and quality. Possible positive sociocultural beliefs associated with FGM/C [5,6] could explain the positive genital self-image and 13.9 ± 19.9 to be able to overcome the "anatomical damage", such as the enhancement of stimuli originating from other body areas, or through positive emotions, cultural values and fantasies [42][43][44][45]. Non-sexually active participants mostly attributed their sexual inactivity to the absence of a partner and not to a health condition, yet their scores suggest that their sexual inactivity and poor sexual quality might also be linked to a medical condition.…”

Anatomical Engineering and 3D Printing for Surgery and Medical Devices: International Review and Future Exponential Innovations

“…3D-printed pelvic models based on in vivo imaging can also be used for educational purposes among health professionals and sex educators. A novel 3D-printed educational anatomic kit created by Abdulcadir et al demonstrates models of female and male reproductive anatomy permitting the representation of variations in sex development and morphology, including models of clitorises of women who have undergone female genital mutilation, all of which are based on in vivo imaging [ 198 ]. 3DP can also supplement simulation-based medical education, which has a unique place in postgraduate gynecological training.…”

Hymen and virginity: What every paediatrician should know

“…Addressing this topic, like any other health matter, can reassure children and adolescents, who learn that any type of question can receive evidence‐based information in a confidential, safe and professional environment. Involving the patient while examining the genitalia by offering to look into a mirror or by using drawings or 3D models can help them understand genital anatomy 39 …”