In Vivo Retinal Pigment Epithelium Imaging using Transscleral Optical Imaging in Healthy Eyes

Wide‐Field Three‐Dimensional Depth‐Invariant Cellular‐Resolution Imaging of the Human Retina

“…The oblique angle illumination provided by AO transscleral flood-illumination circumvents the deleterious effects caused by the SCE. RPE cell visualization can be achieved in transscleral flood-illumination cameras, [14,17] where the scattering at the photoreceptor bands is suppressed by obliqueangle, spatially incoherent illumination through the sclera.…”

“…In particular, optical coherence tomography (OCT) [ 1,2 ] has emerged as a standard of care, playing a pivotal role in the diagnosis and monitoring of major retinal diseases, mainly owing to its high‐resolution depth‐sectioning and three‐dimensional (3D) imaging capability. Cellular‐resolution retinal imaging techniques that can visualize microstructures such as photoreceptor cells, [ 3–7 ] retinal capillaries, [ 8–10 ] ganglion cells, [ 11,12 ] and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells [ 13–17 ] are being explored as means to provide earlier diagnosis of retinal diseases and to improve our understanding of ocular pathophysiology. In most eyes, the cellular‐resolution imaging requires adaptive optics (AO) [ 18,19 ] to overcome the refractive errors of the eye [ 20,21 ] that prevent diffraction‐limited imaging.…”

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Cellular-resolution retinal imaging techniques that can visualize microstructures such as photoreceptor cells, [3][4][5][6][7] retinal capillaries, [8][9][10] ganglion cells, [11,12] and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells [13][14][15][16][17] are being explored as means to provide earlier diagnosis of retinal diseases and to improve our understanding of ocular pathophysiology. In most eyes, the cellular-resolution imaging requires adaptive optics (AO) [18,19] to overcome the refractive errors of the eye [20,21] that prevent diffraction-limited imaging.

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Real-time OCT feedback-controlled RPE photodisruption in ex vivo porcine eyes using 8 microsecond laser pulses

“…This cellular-resolution label-free high-contrast images would allow for fully automated RPE cell quantification by means of density, area, pigmentation, etc. [ 87 – 89 ]. Thereby, a weak RPE pigmentation should lead to a high end-energy and a strong pigmentation to a correspondingly low ramp end-energy determined by the SRT dosimetry algorithm.…”

Comparison between Two Adaptive Optics Methods for Imaging of Individual Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells

“…Recently, another AO technique has been developed to image RPE cells through the development of transscleral imaging. The first system implemented by LaForest et al [18][19][20] consisted of sequentially illuminating the retina through the sclera at each side of the eye pupil and then subtracting each generated image. This system, known as transscleral optical phase imaging (TOPI), revealed the RPE cell mosaic reportedly through phase contrast.…”