In Vivo Spectroscopic Characterization of Porcine Biliary Tract Tissues: First Step in the Development of New Biliary Tract Imaging Devices

Abstract

We have developed an optical probe capable of imaging and identifying biliary tract tissues in a porcine model. In this study, we characterized the reflectance properties for bile and blood vessels such that when the probe is applied to the porta hepatis it will enable surgeons to localize important biliary structures prior to any portal dissection, potentially eliminating the risk for inadvertent BDI.

Intraoperative assessment of biliary anatomy for prevention of bile duct injury: a review of current and future patient safety interventions

“…A NIRF camera system was used to capture images.Cystic duct and CBD were identified in 9/10 patients using NIRF-C Aoki [75]14LC after intravenous administration of ICG.CBD-cystic duct junction identified in 10/14 patients Tagaya [76]12LC after intravenous ICG. Hepatoduodenal ligament was compressed with plastic device for improved exposure.The CBD-cystic duct junction was identified in all patients Ishizawa [86]52LC after intravenous ICG.CBD-cystic duct junction identified in 50/52 patientsHyperspectral cholangiography—animal studies Zuzak [82]1 pigA laparoscopic near-infrared, hyperspectral imaging system was used to assess bile duct anatomy in a pig.Bile ducts, arteries, and veins all have unique reflectance spectra Livingston [81]8 pigsCharacteristics of different types of tissue were assessed using a laparoscopic hyperspectral imaging system.Bile ducts, arteries, and veins all have unique reflectance spectra LC laparoscopic cholecystectomy, CVS critical view of safety, BDI bile duct injury, IOC intraoperative cholangiography, LUS laparoscopic ultrasound, CCC cholecystocholangiography, NIRF-C near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography, CBD common bile duct, ICG indocyanine green, OR odds ratio a Includes data set of Fletcher et al [84] b Includes data set of Krahenbuhl et al [85]…”

“…Livingston et al [81] and Zuzak et al [82] investigated the use of hyperspectral cholangiography in pigs. This method relies on different absorption and reflection patterns of different tissue (not upon excitation and emission as in fluorescence).…”

“…This method relies on different absorption and reflection patterns of different tissue (not upon excitation and emission as in fluorescence). The authors differentiate between gallbladder tissue and vascular tissue in pigs with a sensitivity and specificity of 98% [81]. Also, they processed the data into images that delineate the cystic duct in the hepatoduodenal ligament (Fig.…”

Making the Invisible Visible: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Phlebotomy in Children

“…Livingston et al 17 tested a hand-held optical probe emitting visible and near-infrared light on pigs during gallbladder surgery. They obtained distinct reflectance spectra for porcine gallbladder, portal vein, and artery, which may help to avoid bile duct injury.…”

Integrated diagnostics: proceedings from the 9th biennial symposium of the International Society for Strategic Studies in Radiology

“…Optical fibres have been developed that are small enough to reach the coronary arteries via catheters to allow direct examination of arteries for atherosclerotic plaque. In animals, these fibres have been employed in catheters to provide co-localised information on microstructure and molecular function in coronary arteries, using near-infrared fluorescence and frequency domain imaging [29], or to visualise bile duct anatomy during surgery [30]. Optical catheters and endoscopes can be used to discriminate between normal, precancerous, and malignant tissue by measuring autofluorescence [31] and could be useful for surgical tumour margin assessment, for biopsy guidance in superficial tumours (such as breast and prostate cancers), and for therapy response monitoring.…”