In Vivo Tissue Temperature Comparison of Cryotherapy With and Without External Compression

Barlas, D.; Homan, Clark S.; Thode, Henry C.

doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(96)70011-2

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“… The results of the present study showed that pre cooling of the injection site significantly reduced the anxiety and pain perceived by the pediatric patients. The results of the present study are supported by other studies conducted previously by Harbert et al, 6 Aminabadi et al, 8 Kuwahara and Skinner, 5 Kosaraju et al, 9 who also found similar results from their studies. The present study showed a statistically significant difference between the pain perception in males and females.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It slows the nerve conduction, causes temporary vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels, decreases metabolic rate, and thus required blood flow of the cells which were not originally involved in the injury; and thereby controls the extent of the inflammatory reaction and oedema. 8 Ice packs can be made with any form of ice; however, 2 commonly used forms are cubed ice and crushed ice. In the present study cubed ice was used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Topical Application of Local Anaesthetic Gel vs Ice in Pediatric Patients for Infiltration Anaesthesia

Mohiuddin¹,

Setty²,

Srinivasan³

et al. 2015

jemds

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BACKGROUND: Local anaesthetic injections are one of the most feared or anxietyinducing stimuli in dental operatory. Due to the fear of pain attributed to injection of anaesthetic agents providing appropriate dental care in children is difficult. Various methods have been investigated to decrease pain perception during injection. Hence, the present study was directed towards reducing pain perception in pediatric patients by comparing the effect of cooling the injection site and use of local anaesthetic gel. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of topical cooling and the use of local anesthetic gel before infiltration anesthesia in reducing pain in pediatric patients undergoing dental extractions in the maxillary anterior region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinical trial was used to investigate pain perception in 100 healthy pediatric patients in the age group of 8 to 12 years who required infiltration anaesthesia for bilateral maxillary primary anterior teeth extraction. Before infiltration anaesthesia precooling was done on right side, whereas on the left side local anaesthetic gel was applied. The patients were asked to individually rate their pain experience on each side using the visual analogue scale. Scores were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using Student's t test. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.001. RESULTS: The results of the present study, showed a statistically significant differences between the two groups (P<0.001), with greater pain reduction in the ice group. CONCLUSION: Pre cooling injection site before infiltration anaesthesia significantly reduced the pain perception in pediatric patients when compared to local anaesthetic gel. Pre cooling of the injection site before infiltration anesthesia is an easy, reliable, and effective technique with no additional cost and can be beneficial to apply to all pediatric patients to reduce discomfort and facilitate clinical management.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical Application of Local Anaesthetic Gel vs Ice in Pediatric Patients for Infiltration Anaesthesia

Mohiuddin¹,

Setty²,

Srinivasan³

et al. 2015

jemds

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“…For example, cold treatment decreases skeletal blood flow (thereby reducing swelling) and metabolism in human knees [2]. In addition, local cold application decreases nerve conduction velocities in the extremities [3], which in turn can reduce muscle spasm and decrease pain sensitivity [3,4]. It is generally thought that cryotherapy offers benefits to patients by lowering tissue temperature, which reduces metabolism and decreases blood flow (microcirculation) and thereby reduce swelling, which collectively result in alleviating the pain associated with tissue injury [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryotherapy suppresses tendon inflammation in an animal model

Zhang

Pan

Wang

2014

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation

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Summary Cryotherapy (or cold treatment) has been a popular treatment to relieve pain caused by injuries to tissues such as tendons. However, the exact mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of cryotherapy in tendons remain largely unclear. As prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to be a major mediator of acute inflammation in tissues, which is related to tissue pain, we hypothesized that the beneficial effects of cryotherapy in tendons are mediated by downregulation of PGE2 levels. To test this hypothesis, we applied cold treatment to mouse patellar and Achilles tendons using two animal models: exhaustive mouse treadmill running and acute mouse tendon injury by needle penetration. We then measured the levels of PGE2 and protein expression levels of COX-2, an enzyme responsible for PGE2 production in tissues, under both experimental conditions. We found that treadmill running increased PGE2 levels in both patellar and Achilles tendons compared to control mice without running. Cold treatment for 30 min after treadmill running was sufficient to reduce PGE2 levels to near baseline control levels in both tendons. An extension of cold treatment to 60 min resulted only in a marginal decrease in patellar tendons, but a marked decrease in Achilles tendons. Moreover, COX-2 protein levels in both tendons were also lowered by cold treatment, suggesting that the reduction of PGE2 levels in tendons by cold treatment is at least in part due to the decreased COX-2 expression. Similarly, in the acutely injured tendons, 30 min of cold treatment after needle penetration reduced PGE2 levels when compared to the controls at room temperature (22°C). This decrease was sustained up to at least 3 h after the administration of cryotherapy. Given that PGE2 is a known pain sensitiser, the results of this study suggest that the ability of cold treatment to reduce pain may be attributable to its ability to decrease PGE2 production in tendons.

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“…[1][2][3][5][6][7][8][9] Researchers have demonstrated that the application of external compression with cryotherapy greatly decreases both surface and intramuscular temperatures when compared with no compression. 17,18 Historically, elastic wrap has been the most commonly used type of external compression, 1 but Flex-i-Wrap (Cramer Products Inc, Gardner, KS) has become a popular mode of external compression during the past decade. This disposable plastic wrap is more convenient than elastic wrap for an athlete who leaves the treatment area after application of the ice bag.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Magnitude of Tissue Cooling During Cryotherapy With Varied Types of Compression

Tomchuk

Rubley

Holcomb

et al. 2010

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Certified athletic trainers can choose different types of external compression (none, Flex-i-Wrap, and elastic wrap) when applying an ice bag to the body. However, which type facilitates the greatest magnitude of tissue cooling is unclear.Objective: To compare the effects of 2 common types of external compression on the magnitude of surface and intramuscular cooling during an ice-bag treatment.Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen college students (10 women, 4 men; age 5 22.4 6 1.8 years, height 5 169.1 6 8.2 cm, mass 5 73.3 6 18.5 kg, skinfold 5 13.14 6 1.61 mm) with previous cryotherapy experience and a posterior lower leg skinfold equal to or less than 15 mm.Intervention(s): On 3 different days separated by 24 to 48 hours, an ice bag was applied to the posterior lower leg surface of each participant for 30 minutes with no compression, with elastic wrap, or with Flex-i-Wrap.Main Outcome Measure(s): Posterior lower leg surface and intramuscular (2 cm) temperatures were recorded for 95 minutes.Results: At 15 minutes, the elastic wrap produced greater surface temperature reduction than no compression (P 5 .03); this difference remained throughout the protocol (P range, .03 to .04). At 30 minutes, surface temperatures were 14.956C, 11.556C, and 9.496C when an ice bag was applied with no external compression, Flex-i-Wrap, and elastic wrap, respectively. Surface temperatures between Flex-i-Wrap and elastic wrap and between Flex-i-Wrap and no compression were never different. At 10 minutes, Flex-i-Wrap (P 5 .006) and elastic wrap (P , .001) produced greater intramuscular temperature reduction than no compression produced; these differences remained throughout the protocol. At 10 minutes, no compression, Flex-iWrap, and elastic wrap decreased intramuscular temperature by 1.346C, 2.466C, and 2.736C, respectively. At 25 minutes, elastic wrap (8.036C) produced greater temperature reduction than Flexi-Wrap (6.656C) (P 5 .03) or no compression (4.636C) (P , .001 ). These differences remained throughout ice application and until 50 minutes after ice-bag removal.Conclusions: During an ice-bag application, external compression with elastic wrap was more effective than Flex-i-Wrap at reducing intramuscular tissue temperature. Elastic wraps should be used for acute injury care.Key Words: intramuscular temperatures, surface temperatures, insulation Key Points N External compression of an ice bag with an elastic wrap provided greater temperature reduction after a 30-minute treatment than did compression with Flex-i-Wrap. N Intramuscular temperature decreases were different but surface temperature decreases were not different between Flex-iWrap and elastic wrap compression.N Intramuscular temperature was lower with compression than with no compression at 10 minutes and was lower with elastic wrap than with Flex-i-Wrap at 25 minutes.N Compression with elastic wrap demonstrated a higher average atmosphere-interface temperature than the other con...

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In Vivo Tissue Temperature Comparison of Cryotherapy With and Without External Compression

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Topical Application of Local Anaesthetic Gel vs Ice in Pediatric Patients for Infiltration Anaesthesia

Topical Application of Local Anaesthetic Gel vs Ice in Pediatric Patients for Infiltration Anaesthesia

Cryotherapy suppresses tendon inflammation in an animal model

The Magnitude of Tissue Cooling During Cryotherapy With Varied Types of Compression

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