In what sense is implicit memory “episodic”? The effect of reinstating environmental context

Effects of retrieval practice on conceptual explicit and implicit consumer memory

“…This approach has been used successfully in previous research in which explicit contamination has been reduced (e.g. McKone & Murphy, 2000;McKone & French, 2001;Parker, Dagnall, & Coyle, 2007;Ramponi et al, 2004Ramponi et al, , 2007Richardson-Klavehn & Gardiner, 1995. Second, a post-test questionnaire is used wherein participants are asked a set of questions about the retrieval strategies they employed.…”

“…Implicit test participants that claim to be making use of explicit or intentional retrieval strategies can then be either eliminated or analysed separately (e.g. Bowers & Schacter, 1990;McKone & Slee, 1997;McKone & French, 2001;Mulligan, Guyer, & Beland, 1999;Parker et al, 2007;Smith & Hunt, 2000). In addition, Experiment 2 considered the effects of the amount of retrieval practice on subsequent explicit and implicit memory.…”

Deficits of long-term memory in ecstasy users are related to cognitive complexity of the task

“…In the test phase, 48 three-letter stems were presented, each of which was unique within the experiment, did not constitute a word in its own right and could be completed to form at least five different words (for details of stimulus words, see McKone and French 2001). Half of the stems corresponded to words presented during the study phase (studied target words), and half corresponded to words that had not been presented (unstudied target words).…”

The notion of contextual locking: Previously learnt items are not accessible as such when appearing in a less common context

“…Verbal implicit memory shows typically no benefit of environmental context on performance with implicit perceptual memory tasks (e.g., Jacoby, 1983;McKone & French, 2001), where participants neither engage in intentional item memory nor is semantic processing occurring (note, we adopt Perlman & Tzelgov's, 2006, perspective on implicit processes, tying implicitness to lack of intentionality, and not necessarily a lack of awareness). However, context effects have been shown in implicit motor sequence learning (e.g., Ruitenberg, Abrahamse, De Kleine, & Verwey, 2012a;Ruitenberg, De Kleine, Van der Lubbe, Verwey, & Abrahamse, 2012b;Wright & Shea, 1991).…”