In which case is working memory for movements affected by verbal interference? Evidence from the verbal description of movement

A voice without a mouth no more: The neurobiology of language and consciousness

“…Such multisensory scenes continuously and unconsciously activate contextually associated words and word sequences (Carr et al, 1982;Chabal and Marian, 2015;Dell'Acqua and Grainger, 1999;Sperber et al, 1979;Zwitserlood et al, 2018), deriving from both the external context having culturally agreed upon labels (e.g., 'shop', 'tea', 'scone', 'eat some cake', etc.) and internal context associated with the memory of more idiosyncratic individual experiences (e.g., the memory of lines from your favourite movie involving a tearoom in an English village as in the movie 'Withnail and I') (Brandimonte et al, n.d.;Xie et al, 2021).…”

Subject‐performed task effect on working memory performance in children with autism spectrum disorder

“…The production of the SPT effect depends on the integration and mutual transformation between movement and speech. A system that deals with movement-based information and one that deals with speech-based information interact in the episodic buffer (Xie et al, 2021b). Therefore, the function of the episodic buffer affects the SPT effect.…”

“…In other words, the production of the SPT effect depends on the integration and mutual transformation of movement and speech. Xie et al (2021b) proposed that the separable movementbased subsystem (which deals with movement-based information) and the phonological loop are connected in the episodic buffer, a component of working memory that "binds" the information from various working memory subsystems (e.g., the phonological loop and the visual-spatial sketchpad) and the related activated longterm semantic and linguistic knowledge into a coherent whole (Baddeley, 2000). Therefore, within a Baddeley (2000Baddeley ( , 2012 account, the integration and mutual transformation of movement and speech occurs in the episodic buffer.…”

“…Compared with passively hearing instructions, performing them results in two points of contact with the material. Performing an action automatically activates the corresponding verbal description (Lindemann et al, 2006; Xie et al, 2021b). Therefore, individuals process verbal instructions twice in the SPT condition, which is a potential explanation for the SPT effect.…”

“…According to the more recent multicomponent model of working memory (Baddeley, 2012), this subsystem is independent of the phonological loop (for a review, see Xie et al, 2021a). However, Xie et al (2021b) revealed that the phonological loop affects working memory for easy‐to‐describe movements rather than working memory for difficult‐to‐describe movements. Based on this finding, they proposed that the separate movement‐based subsystem and the phonological loop can interact.…”