Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit immunogenicity and T-cell responses in people living with HIV

Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine in people living with and without HIV-1 infection: a randomised, controlled, phase 2A/2B trial

“… 12 , 13 In a small, non-randomised, controlled study of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac, Sinovac), the authors reported a lower induction of neutralising antibodies in people living with HIV-1 (n=24) than in healthy HIV-negative controls (n=24); however, the differences were not significant and overall neutralising antibody responses appeared to be low in both groups. 12 In another small, open-label, non-randomised, controlled study of a different inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV, Sinopharm), similar anti-spike IgG and neutralising antibodies were seen in people living with HIV-1 (n=42) and healthy individuals (n=28); however, overall neutralising antibody responses appeared to be low in both groups. 13 In the same study, people living with HIV-1 with low baseline CD4 and CD8 T-cell ratios (<0·6) elicited lower antibody responses than did those with higher ratios (≥0·6).…”

“…Several COVID-19 vaccine efficacy trials have enabled emergency use authorisation, but there is a paucity of data on the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of non-replicating adenovirus vector, mRNA, inactivated virus, or protein-based COVID-19 vaccines in people living with HIV-1. 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 …”

Characterization of Serum and Mucosal SARS-CoV-2-Antibodies in HIV-1-Infected Subjects after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…Differences in sampling time could account for divergence in findings, with our sampling time up to 7.5 weeks in HIV-1-infected and 9.5 weeks in HIV-1-uninfected as opposed to 1–4 weeks. Of note, recent studies on inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines reported similar SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses between HIV-infected persons and healthy controls up to 4 weeks after vaccination [ 42 ] contrasting with lower SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in HIV-infected persons 40 days [ 43 ] or up 84 days [ 44 ] after vaccination. Thus, a faster decay of antibody responses may account for our observation of lower antibody responses after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in HIV-1 infection.…”

Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for people with HIV

“…The investigators noted also inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induced immune activation though without a parallel increase in HIV-1 viremia. Another recent report 8 revealed that HIV-1 infected individuals have comparable neutralizing antibody responses to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine as healthy individuals, but the responses were lower in magnitude, and there were decreased T helper (Th)-2 and Th17 responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. However, there was no difference in regulatory T cell (Treg) and cytokine responses, including IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-Ɣ responses between HIV-1 infectd and healthy controls.…”

“…However, there was no difference in regulatory T cell (Treg) and cytokine responses, including IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-Ɣ responses between HIV-1 infectd and healthy controls. 8 The follow-up in both previous studies 6 , 8 is of short duration, and whether the immune responses observed will remain sustained for longer duration of time remains to be elucidated. In addition, immune responses among older patients (>60 years), and those with CD4 cell counts <200 remains to be determined.…”