Inactivation Effect of Standard and Fractionated Electron Beam Irradiation on Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses in a Tendon Transplant Model

Schmidt, Tanja; Hoburg, Arnd; Gohs, Uwe; Schumann, Wolfgang; Sim-Brandenburg, J.-W.; Nitsche, Andreas; Scheffler, Sven

doi:10.1159/000336380

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In addition to comparable erosion rates between e-beam irradiated corneas and other graft materials, there are other safety and convenience benefits associated with the use of e-beam corneal grafts for GDD surgery. For example, fresh or glycerin-preserved tissue that can be obtained from eye banks, while screened for infectious diseases, are not sterile and carry with them a higher risk of microbial contamination than sterile grafts [19–21]. In addition, glycerin- and alcohol-preserved grafts require additional washing and rehydration steps in the operating room that are not necessary with irradiated grafts stored in an aqueous solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Beam Irradiated Corneal Versus Gamma-Irradiated Scleral Patch Graft Erosion Rates in Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery

et al. 2019

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Introduction Patch graft erosion and implant exposure is a known complication of glaucoma drainage device (GDD) surgery. Recently, electron beam (e-beam) irradiated corneal tissue ha s become available; however, limited data exist on the rates of erosion for e-beam irradiated corneal grafts compared to traditional scleral grafts after GDD surgery. Methods This retrospective study examines the records of 253 eyes from 225 adult subjects who underwent GDD surgery with either e-beam irradiated corneal or scleral grafts at the Casey Eye Institute by five surgeons between April 22, 2014 and October 11, 2017. Surgical procedures and the occurrence of graft erosion were determined using billing codes and verified by manual review of electronic health records. Results The average age at the time of surgery was 61.3 ± 17.5 years ( n = 200) and 60.8 ± 16.8 years ( n = 53) for the e-beam irradiated cornea and sclera groups, respectively. The average follow-up time post-surgery was 416 ± 345 days and 495 ± 343 days for the e-beam irradiated cornea and sclera groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, follow-up time, and glaucoma diagnosis between the groups; however, the e-beam irradiated cornea group was statistically more likely to have an Ahmed implant as compared to the sclera group. No erosion events were noted in either group. Conclusion e-Beam irradiated corneal grafts were used 3.8 times more frequently relative to scleral grafts, yet there were no cases of graft erosion in either group during the follow-up period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Beam Irradiated Corneal Versus Gamma-Irradiated Scleral Patch Graft Erosion Rates in Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery

et al. 2019

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“…Gamma radiation and high energy electron irradiation have been used to develop vaccine candidates against several different pathogens [11,19,24] and to sterilize food, medicinal instruments, or biological products [20,25,26,27]. LEEI has so far predominantly been employed for surface sterilization, as low-energy electrons have only a limited capability to penetrate materials and liquids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogens Inactivated by Low-Energy-Electron Irradiation Maintain Antigenic Properties and Induce Protective Immune Responses

Fertey

Bayer

Grünwald

et al. 2016

Viruses

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Inactivated vaccines are commonly produced by incubating pathogens with chemicals such as formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. This is a time-consuming process, the inactivation efficiency displays high variability and extensive downstream procedures are often required. Moreover, application of chemicals alters the antigenic components of the viruses or bacteria, resulting in reduced antibody specificity and therefore stimulation of a less effective immune response. An alternative method for inactivation of pathogens is ionizing radiation. It acts very fast and predominantly damages nucleic acids, conserving most of the antigenic structures. However, currently used irradiation technologies (mostly gamma-rays and high energy electrons) require large and complex shielding constructions to protect the environment from radioactivity or X-rays generated during the process. This excludes them from direct integration into biological production facilities. Here, low-energy electron irradiation (LEEI) is presented as an alternative inactivation method for pathogens in liquid solutions. LEEI can be used in normal laboratories, including good manufacturing practice (GMP)- or high biosafety level (BSL)-environments, as only minor shielding is necessary. We show that LEEI efficiently inactivates different viruses (influenza A (H3N8), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)) and bacteria (Escherichia coli) and maintains their antigenicity. Moreover, LEEI-inactivated influenza A viruses elicit protective immune responses in animals, as analyzed by virus neutralization assays and viral load determination upon challenge. These results have implications for novel ways of developing and manufacturing inactivated vaccines with improved efficacy.

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“…irradiation was needed in various media to achieve SAL for HIV-1. [5,7] Therefore it appears that HIV-1 is a good model virus to use for this pilot study. A standard dose of homogeneous irradiation should be capable to inactivate HIV-1, whereas a standard dose of inhomogeneous irradiation is not.…”

Section: Schmidt Et Al Reported That Hiv-1 Is Resistant To Irradiatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, phase III trials are running for Mirasol® and INTERCEPT® with RBCs, using ribo avin/UVB and a frangible anchor linker effector, respectively. [1] γ-irradiation has been demonstrated to be able to inactivate viruses [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and is routinely used for decontaminating tissue allografts. [6,7,11] However, γ-irradiation is known to damage RBCs, as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13,14] Certain reports address the fact that the amount of irradiation needed to achieve the SAL of viruses would be too high (15-34 kGy) for the blood products, causing too much damage to RBCs. [5][6][7][8][9][10]12] However, in these reports inhomogeneous irradiation was used which allows for inconsistent measurements and uncertainty of results. By using homogenous irradiation we hypothesise that much lower doses can be used to achieve SAL, without damaging the RBCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Type of the Paper: Article Homogenous Gamma-Irradiation by a Linear Accelerator for Inactivation of viruses in Plasma Samples, a Pilot Study with HIV-1-Infected Plasma

Tonino¹,

Franken²,

Elzakker³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BACKGROUNDThe risk of the transmission of (emerging) infectious diseases via blood products is a major public health concern. Therefore, it has been a long-sought goal to find a cost-effective way to sterilise blood after collection. No pathogen inactivation (PI) techniques are available for red blood cells on the market yet, though phase III trials are currently performed. γ-irradiation could theoretically inactivate viruses in red blood cells (RBCs). The dose of γ-irradiation needed to achieve sterility causes irreversible damage to the red blood cells and is therefore not suitable for PI of RBC concentrates. Inhomogeneous irradiation has always been used in the past, but leads to inconsistent measurements and uncertainty of results. By contrast, homogeneous irradiation may achieve the sterility assurance level (SAL) at much lower doses. If a maximum of 25 Gy of homogeneous γ-irradiation is able to sterilise blood products, this would be a very attractive PI method for RBC products. METHODSThis proof-of-concept study aims to sterilise HIV-1 infected plasma using homogeneous γ-irradiation. Six HIV-1 infected plasma samples were irradiated with 25 Gy of homogeneous γ-irradiation. HIV-1 RNA-loads before and after were compared.RESULTSNo difference was found in the HIV-1 RNA loads within the limitations of the test used before and after the irradiation. Therefore, homogeneous γ-irradiation appears not to be feasible as a PI-technique for HIV-1 in RBC products. CONCLUSIONThis inevitably means SAL will not be achieved for all viruses with up to 25 Gy of homogeneous γ-irradiation.

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Inactivation Effect of Standard and Fractionated Electron Beam Irradiation on Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses in a Tendon Transplant Model

Cited by 18 publications

References 35 publications

Electron Beam Irradiated Corneal Versus Gamma-Irradiated Scleral Patch Graft Erosion Rates in Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery

Electron Beam Irradiated Corneal Versus Gamma-Irradiated Scleral Patch Graft Erosion Rates in Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery

Pathogens Inactivated by Low-Energy-Electron Irradiation Maintain Antigenic Properties and Induce Protective Immune Responses

Type of the Paper: Article Homogenous Gamma-Irradiation by a Linear Accelerator for Inactivation of viruses in Plasma Samples, a Pilot Study with HIV-1-Infected Plasma

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