Inactivation Kinetics of the Cyanobacterial Toxin Microcystin-LR by Free Chlorine

Xagoraraki, Irene; Harrington, Gregory W.; Zulliger, Kimberly; Zeier, Benjamim; Krick, William; Karner, Dawn A.; Standridge, Jon H.; Westrick, Judy A.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2006)132:7(818)

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…[ 93,106,[131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142] Coagulation and flocculation Efective techniques for the mitigation of both cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins must be determined by considering the underlying properties of the water system in question, including depth, pH values, concentrations of suspended solids, and dissolved organic and inorganic compounds [195,196]. To be successful, any mitigation approach must reduce both cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and pose no or negligible threat to ecosystems.…”

Section: ✓✓mentioning

confidence: 99%

11 Control and management of harmful algal blooms

Barrington

Xiao

Coggins³

et al. 2020

Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins

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Section: ✓✓mentioning

confidence: 99%

11 Control and management of harmful algal blooms

Barrington

Xiao

Coggins³

et al. 2020

Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins

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“…In addition to potential for disinfection by-products and degradation product toxicity, the taste and odor of chlorine additives can be a problem for household compliance and use. With six breakdown products identified (Daly et al, 2007), degradation rates vary with water quality, competing NOM and toxicants, and chlorine compound used (Hitzfeld et al, 2000;Newcombe and Nicholson, 2004;Acero et al, 2005;Xagoraraki et al, 2006;Merel et al, 2010). While removing most cyanotoxins under controlled parameters (particularly when maintained at pH 5-6 in warmer water temperatures), chlorination generates chlorination by-products with undesirable health effects (Merel et al, 2010).…”

Section: Removal Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystins in potable surface waters: toxic effects and removal strategies

Roegner

Brena

González‐Sapienza

et al. 2013

J of Applied Toxicology

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In freshwater, harmful cyanobacterial blooms threaten to increase with global climate change and eutrophication of surface waters. In addition to the burden and necessity of removal of algal material during water treatment processes, bloom-forming cyanobacteria can produce a class of remarkably stable toxins, microcystins, difficult to remove from drinking water sources. A number of animal intoxications over the past 20 years have served as sentinels for widespread risk presented by microcystins. Cyanobacterial blooms have the potential to threaten severely both public health and the regional economy of affected communities, particularly those with limited infrastructure or resources. Our main objectives were to assess whether existing water treatment infrastructure provides sufficient protection against microcystin exposure, identify available options feasible to implement in resource-limited communities in bloom scenarios and to identify strategies for improved solutions. Finally, interventions at the watershed level aimed at bloom prevention and risk reduction for entry into potable water sources were outlined. We evaluated primary studies, reviews and reports for treatment options for microcystins in surface waters, potable water sources and treatment plants. Because of the difficulty of removal of microcystins, prevention is ideal; once in the public water supply, the coarse removal of cyanobacterial cells combined with secondary carbon filtration of dissolved toxins currently provides the greatest potential for protection of public health. Options for point of use filtration must be optimized to provide affordable and adequate protection for affected communities.

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“…One such knowledge gap is the application of chloramination for the oxidation of microcystin toxins. Whilst many studies have shown chlorine to be effective for microcystin oxidation (Acero et al 2005;Ho et al 2006;Xagoraraki et al 2006;Daly et al 2007), very little research has been undertaken on the effect of chloramination on microcystin toxins, and no study has been reported on the effect of the oxidant on intact Microcystis cells. As monochloramine is a weaker oxidant than chlorine, it is less effective for the oxidation of a range of contaminants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Determining the fate of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and microcystin toxins following chloramination

Kayal

Trolio

et al. 2010

Water Science and Technology

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The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa can produce potent toxins known as microcystins. While many studies have focussed on the chlorination of microcystin toxins, little work has been conducted with respect to the chloramination of the microcystins. In addition, no studies have been reported on the effect of chloramination on intact Microcystis cells. This study was conducted to determine the fate of M. aeruginosa cells and microcystin toxins following chloramination of a drinking water source. Results indicate that monochloramine could effectively oxidise dissolved microcystin-LR (MCLR) provided high CT values were employed, typically greater than 30,000 mg min L(-1). The decay of MCLR was demonstrated to be a pseudo first-order reaction with rate constants ranging from 9.3x10(-7) to 1.1x10(-5) s(-1) at pH 8.5. However, in the presence of Microcystis cells, monochloramine was ineffective in oxidising microcystin toxins due to the cells exerting a demand on the oxidant. The doses of monochloramine applied (2.8 and 3.5 mg L(-1)) were shown to rapidly release intracellular microcystins into the dissolved state. Flow cytometric analysis of the cells determined that the lower monochloramine dose did not compromise the cell membrane integrity, even though microcystins were rapidly released from the cells. In contrast the higher monochloramine dose resulted in cell membrane disruption with up to 90% of the cells shown to be non-viable after the high dose was applied.

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Inactivation Kinetics of the Cyanobacterial Toxin Microcystin-LR by Free Chlorine

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

11 Control and management of harmful algal blooms

11 Control and management of harmful algal blooms

Microcystins in potable surface waters: toxic effects and removal strategies

Determining the fate of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and microcystin toxins following chloramination

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