“…It is known that ESs decrease photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation, quantum yield of photosystem I, quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)), and mesophyll CO 2 conductance [ 23 , 27 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ), cyclic electron flow, and photosynthetic light absorption can be stimulated by ESs [ 27 , 37 , 39 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Increasing plant tolerance to stressors (including tolerance of photosynthetic machinery) is likely the result of physiological changes [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ].…”