Inactivation of Herpes Simplex Viruses by Nonionic Surfactants

The microbicidal efficacies of two anionic surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and n-lauroylsarcosine (LS), were evaluated in cultured cells and in a murine model of herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) intravaginal infection. In vitro studies showed that SLS and LS were potent inhibitors of the infectivity of HSV-2 strain 333. The concentrations of SLS which inhibit viral infectivity by 50% (50% inhibitory dose) and 90% (90% inhibitory dose) were 32.67 and 46.53 M, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for LS were 141.76 and 225.30 M. In addition, intravaginal pretreatment of mice with thermoreversible gel formulations containing 2.5% SLS or 2.5% LS prior to the inoculation of HSV-2 strain 333 completely prevented the development of genital herpetic lesions and the lethality associated with infection. Of prime interest, no infectious virus could be detected in mouse vaginal mucosa. Both formulations still provided significant protection when viral challenge was delayed until 1 h after pretreatment. Finally, intravaginal application of gel formulations containing 2.5% SLS or 2.5% LS once daily for 14 days to rabbits did not induce significant irritations to the genital mucosa, as demonstrated from macroscopic and histopathologic examinations. These results suggest that thermoreversible gel formulations containing SLS or LS could represent potent and safe topical microbicides for the prevention of HSV-2 and possibly other sexually transmitted pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus.

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confidence: 97%

Thermoreversible Gel Formulations Containing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate or n -Lauroylsarcosine as Potential Topical Microbicides against Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Roy

Gourde

Piret

et al. 2001

“…Non-9 is the active ingredient in a wide variety of vaginal contraceptive foams, creams, jellies, and suppositories. Earlier in vitro studies using non-9 have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhea (4,12), Trichomonas vaginalis (4,12), Treponema pallidum (12), Candida albicans (13), Herpes simplex virus (2,14), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (1). Many attempts have been made to assess such activity against C. trachomatis infection in vitro.…”

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confidence: 99%

In vitro activity of nonoxynol 9 on HeLa 229 cells and primary monkey cervical epithelial cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis

Patton

Wang

Kuo

1992

Nonoxynol 9 (non-9) is the active ingredient in a wide variety of vaginal contraceptive preparations. The manufacturer recommendation for optimal contraceptive practice is repeated application every 6 h. We studied the in vitro activity of non-9 against Chlamydia trachomatis (E/UW-5/Cx) and its toxicity against HeLa 229 cells and monkey cervical epithelial cells. With a contact time of 6 h, non-9 was toxic to HeLa cells at concentrations of 50 ,ug/ml or greater and to monkey cervical cells at 100 ,ug/ml or greater. Inhibitory effects of non-9 on extracellular chiamydiae were observed at concentrations of 50 ,ug/ml or greater. Inhibition of intracellular growth of chlamydiae in monkey cervical cells was observed at a nontoxic concentration of 50 ,ug/ml. Our studies show that non-9 has antichlamydial activity. However, owing to its toxicity to cervical cells in vitro, the effects of prolonged use of non-9 in vivo should be further studied.

“…Inactivation of HIV by an antimicrobial soap was not surprising, because compounds that are cytolytic to mammalian cells would be expected to be virucidal for enveloped viruses above a threshold concentration (1,10,11,14). It is exactly because of cytolytic effects, however, that virucidal effects are hard to measure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The causative agent, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a member of the retrovirus class of enveloped viruses (2,5,9). Enveloped viruses are inactivated by a number of different surfactants and by a wide variety of antimicrobial compounds (1,3,14), and HIV has been shown to be inactivated by some of the same types of compounds (10,11). On the basis of these observations, one would expect that antimicrobial soap formulations, such as health care personnel hand washes, would effectively inactivate HIV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an antimicrobial soap formula for virucidal efficacy in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus in a blood-virus mixture

Lavelle

Gubbe

Neveaux

et al. 1989

The virucidal efficacy of a health care personnel hand wash product containing 0.5% parachlorometaxylenol in a sodium C1 416 olefin sulfonate formula was evaluated in in vitro tests with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the presence of 50% whole human blood. The HTLV-HIRF strain of HIV-1 was suspended in 50% medium-50% whole human blood and exposed to various dilutions of the hand wash product for 30 or 60 s. Following detoxification, residual infectivity was determined by a lytic cytopathogenic assay in MT2 cell cultures. No infectious HIV could be detected after a 30-s exposure to the hand wash product at dilutions of 1:5 and 1:10 and after a 60-s exposure at dilutions of 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30. More than 99.9% of the virus was inactivated at these dilutions and exposure times.