Inactivation of<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>Spores

Whitney, Ellen A. Spotts; Beatty, Mark E.; Taylor, Thomas H.; Weyant, Robbin S.; Sobel, Jeremy; Arduino, Matthew J.; Ashford, David A.

doi:10.3201/eid0906.020377

Cited by 158 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The sporicidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite in this study may have been greater if the working solutions had been adjusted closer to neutral pH (5,16). The dramatic decrease in sodium hypochlorite bactericidal efficacy caused by organic matter, especially proteins, is described in the literature (5,18). A large decline in sporicidal efficacy at temperatures near 10°C was also observed by Sagripanti and Bonifacino (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…For instance, some disinfectants can inactivate spores if they are applied for a longer time, at a higher temperature, or at a higher concentration than normal. However, many of these liquid biocides/disinfectants respond differently to time, temperature, or concentration adjustment (16,18). Some biocides, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and phenol-based agents, are unable to provide meaningful spore reductions (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Liquid Biocides in the Presence of Food Residue

Hilgren

Swanson

Diez-Gonzalez

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Biocide inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores in the presence of food residues after a 10-min treatment time was investigated. Spores of nonvirulent Bacillus anthracis strains 7702, ANR-1, and 9131 were mixed with water, flour paste, whole milk, or egg yolk emulsion and dried onto stainless-steel carriers. The carriers were exposed to various concentrations of peroxyacetic acid, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) for 10 min at 10, 20, or 30°C, after which time the survivors were quantified. The relationship between peroxyacetic acid concentration, H 2 O 2 concentration, and spore inactivation followed a sigmoid curve that was accurately described using a four-parameter logistic model. At 20°C, the minimum concentrations of peroxyacetic acid, H 2 O 2 , and NaOCl (as total available chlorine) predicted to inactivate 6 log 10 CFU of B. anthracis spores with no food residue present were 1.05, 23.0, and 0.78%, respectively. At 10°C, sodium hypochlorite at 5% total available chlorine did not inactivate more than 4 log 10 CFU. The presence of the food residues had only a minimal effect on peroxyacetic acid and H 2 O 2 sporicidal efficacy, but the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite was markedly inhibited by whole-milk and egg yolk residues. Sodium hypochlorite at 5% total available chlorine provided no greater than a 2-log 10 CFU reduction when spores were in the presence of egg yolk residue. This research provides new information regarding the usefulness of peroxygen biocides for B. anthracis spore inactivation when food residue is present. This work also provides guidance for adjusting decontamination procedures for food-soiled and cold surfaces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Liquid Biocides in the Presence of Food Residue

Hilgren

Swanson

Diez-Gonzalez

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The currently available anthrax vaccine uses alum as an adjuvant and depends on antibody to the anthrax protective antigen (PA) (12). Based on the sensitivity of anthrax spores to γ-irradiation (13,14) and our recent data highlighting the immunogenic properties of a γ-irradiated bacterial vaccine (15), we used irradiated anthrax spores to immunize A/J mice against a model of inhalation anthrax. Irradiated spore-vaccine preparations derived from bacteria that either contained or lacked the gene encoding PA protected against challenge with the toxin-producing Sterne strain (Fig.…”

Section: Il-17mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin requires Th17 cells and protects against inhalation anthrax

Datta

Sabet²,

Nguyen³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

129

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Cholera toxin (CT) elicits a mucosal immune response in mice when used as a vaccine adjuvant. The mechanisms by which CT exerts its adjuvant effects are incompletely understood. We show that protection against inhalation anthrax by an irradiated spore vaccine depends on CT-mediated induction of IL-17-producing CD4 Th17 cells. Furthermore, IL-17 is involved in the induction of serum and mucosal antibody responses by CT. Th17 cells induced by CT have a unique cytokine profile compared with those induced by IL-6 and TGF-β, and their induction by CT requires cAMP-dependent secretion of IL-1β and β-calcitonin gene-related peptide by dendritic cells. These findings demonstrate that Th17 cells mediate mucosal adjuvant effects of CT and identify previously unexplored pathways involved in Th17 induction that could be targeted for development of unique mucosal adjuvants.IL-17 | dendritic cell | T cell | vaccine | cAMP

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“…Many aerobiological technologies have been developed to control indoor bioaerosols: ventilation, filtration, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, photocatalytic oxidation, ionization, ozone, negative ion, thermal disinfection (Christopher and Pasquale, 2002;Whitney et al, 2003;Kowalski, 2006;Tseng and Li, 2006;Yu et al, 2008;Yoosook et al, 2009). Ozone is a strong oxidant with a tremendous ability to oxidize odors, organic compounds, microorganisms, and other substances (Franken, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Indoor Bioaerosols Using a Hybrid System of Ozone and Catalysts

Huang

Lee

Tai

2012

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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As people spend a greater portion of their time indoors, the likelihood of exposure to biohazards in indoor air is increasing. This study developed a system to disinfect indoor bioaerosols while protecting occupants from direct exposure to ozone. This hybrid approach combines high concentrations of ozone generated by a non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge system, and an ozone decomposition unit using MnO 2 /Al 2 O 3 and MnO 2 /AC catalysts. Four types of common bioaerosols were used to test the germicidal efficacy of 0-175 ppm ozone at a relative humidity of 30-70% and retention time of 1-10 s. The results indicate that the germicidal efficacy of ozone on E. coli, C. famata and P. citrinum spore bioaerosols increased with ozone concentration, relative humidity, and retention time; however, the process was less effective with the hardy endospores of B. subtilis. Germicidal efficacy of 90% was obtained for bioaerosols (two vegetative cells and one spore) using high concentrations of ozone at a relative humidity of 70% and exposure time of 10 s. Residual ozone in the tail gas was decomposed to undetectable levels using catalysts at a gas hourly space velocity of 3.287 × 10 3 1/h. The concentration of indoor bioaerosols (total bacteria and fungi) in a small office was reduced to below 50 CFU/m 3 and ozone in the tail gas was reduced to undetectable levels following treatment for 2 h. The hybrid system of ozone disinfection and catalysts provides high germicidal efficacy while protecting occupants from direct exposure to ozone.

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Inactivation ofBacillus anthracisSpores

Cited by 158 publications

References 24 publications

Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Liquid Biocides in the Presence of Food Residue

Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Liquid Biocides in the Presence of Food Residue

Mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin requires Th17 cells and protects against inhalation anthrax

Controlling Indoor Bioaerosols Using a Hybrid System of Ozone and Catalysts

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