Inactivation of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Spores by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Coupled with Oxidizing Antimicrobial Chemicals

Lilly, Marquita; Dong, Xiuli; McCoy, Eric; Yang, Liju

doi:10.1021/es303955k

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…; Lilly et al. ). Aslan and others and Meredith and colleague suggested that carbon nanotubes are relatively flexible and interact with cell membranes and penetrate various microorganisms and consequently cause cell death (Aslan et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Investigation of gelatin/multi‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite films as packaging materials

Kavoosi

Dadfar

et al. 2013

Food Science & Nutrition

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Gelatin composite films were prepared from gelatin solutions (10% w/v) containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% w/w gelatin) as nanofiller. The water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical, and antibacterial properties of the films were examined. Water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, and WVP for gelatin films were 45 ± 1%, 821 ± 42%, 45 ± 1.1%, and 0.4 ± 0.022 g mm/m2 kPa h, respectively. Incorporation of MWCNT caused a significant decrease in water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, and WVP. Gelatin/MWCNT films containing 1–1.5% MWCNT showed the lowest water vapor transmission. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus for gelatin films were 13.4 ± 1.2 MPa, 95 ± 5%, and 45.4 ± 7 MPa, respectively. Incorporation of MWCNT caused a significant increase in tensile strength and decrease in the elongation at break. The largest mechanical strength was found at 1.5% MWCNT. All gelatin/MWCNT films showed significant antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Our results suggest that the gelatin/MWCNT composites films could be used as a very attractive alternative to traditional materials for different biomedical and food applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Investigation of gelatin/multi‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite films as packaging materials

Kavoosi

Dadfar

et al. 2013

Food Science & Nutrition

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“…The SWCNTs were 1-1.5 nm in diameter and 1-5 μm in length. The SWCNTs used in this study were the same products that were used in several previous bacterial inactivation studies (Arias & Yang 2009;Yang et al 2010;Mamouni et al 2011;Lilly et al 2012). According to the information provided by the manufacturer, the SWCNTs were produced using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, which utilized a carbon-bearing feedstock that was fed at a controlled rate over a nanoparticulate metal catalyst.…”

Section: Swcntsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes on biofilm formation fromBacillus anthracisspores

Dong

Yang

2014

Biofouling

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This study reports the inhibitory effect of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on biofilm formation from Bacillus anthracis spores. Although the presence of 50 to 100 μg ml(-1) of SWCNTs in the suspension increased spore attachment in the wells of 96-well plates, the presence of 200 μg ml(-1) of SWCNTs in the germination solution decreased the germination percentage of the attached spores by 93.14%, completely inhibiting subsequent biofilm formation. The inhibition kinetics of 50 μg ml(-1) SWCNTs on biofilm formation showed that this concentration inhibited biofilm formation by 81.2% after incubation for 48 h. SWCNT treatment in the earlier stages of biofilm formation was more effective compared to treatment at later stages. Mature biofilms were highly resistant to SWCNT treatment.

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“…Previous results [26] using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test showed that in this concentration range, spores were not saturated with SWCNTs in terms of surface coverage/interactions. In the SWCNTs-NIR treatment, the inactivation efficiency did not increase with the NIR treatment time beyond 5 min treatment time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…These enzymes are present in the spore in an active form but do not act until triggered by mechanical damage to spores or by germination stimuli, Ca 2+ -DPA for CwlJ or some other stimulus for SleB [27-29]. Since SWCNTs can partially damage the spore coat, making it more permeable [26], damage on the spores due to SWCNTs treatment may actually triggered spore germination and rapid growth. On the other hand, previous study demonstrated that brief heat treatment at a sublethal temperature on spores significantly increased the germination percentage of spores [30,31].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with near-infrared radiation on Bacillus anthracis spores: inactivates spores and stimulates the germination of surviving spores

Dong

Tang

et al. 2013

J Biol Eng

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BackgroundBacillus anthracis is a pathogen that causes life-threatening disease--anthrax. B. anthracis spores are highly resistant to extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals. Inactivation of B. anthracis spores is important to ensure the environmental safety and public health. The 2001 bioterrorism attack involving anthrax spores has brought acute public attention and triggered extensive research on inactivation of B. anthracis spores. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a class of emerging nanomaterial have been reported as a strong antimicrobial agent. In addition, continuous near infrared (NIR) radiation on SWCNTs induces excessive local heating which can enhance SWCNTs’ antimicrobial effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of SWCNTs coupled with NIR treatment on Bacillus anthracis spores.Results and discussionThe results showed that the treatment of 10 μg/mL SWCNTs coupled with 20 min NIR significantly improved the antimicrobial effect by doubling the percentage of viable spore number reduction compared with SWCNTs alone treatment (88% vs. 42%). At the same time, SWCNTs-NIR treatment activated the germination of surviving spores and their dipicolinic acid (DPA) release during germination. The results suggested the dual effect of SWCNTs-NIR treatment on B. anthracis spores: enhanced the sporicidal effect and stimulated the germination of surviving spores. Molecular level examination showed that SWCNTs-NIR increased the expression levels (>2-fold) in 3 out of 6 germination related genes tested in this study, which was correlated to the activated germination and DPA release. SWCNTs-NIR treatment either induced or inhibited the expression of 3 regulatory genes detected in this study. When the NIR treatment time was 5 or 25 min, there were 3 out of 7 virulence related genes that showed significant decrease on expression levels (>2 fold decrease).ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrated the dual effect of SWCNTs-NIR treatment on B. anthracis spores, which enhanced the sporicidal effect and stimulated the germination of surviving spores. SWCNTs-NIR treatment also altered the expression of germination, regulatory, and virulence-related genes in B. anthracis.

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Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Coupled with Oxidizing Antimicrobial Chemicals

Cited by 32 publications

References 49 publications

Investigation of gelatin/multi‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite films as packaging materials

Investigation of gelatin/multi‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite films as packaging materials

Inhibitory effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes on biofilm formation fromBacillus anthracisspores

Dual effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with near-infrared radiation on Bacillus anthracis spores: inactivates spores and stimulates the germination of surviving spores

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