Inactivation of Influenza A Virus on Copper versus Stainless Steel Surfaces

Noyce, J.O.; Michels, Harold T.; Keevil, C. W.

doi:10.1128/aem.01139-06

Cited by 281 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The virus could be easily transferred from contaminated PPE to the skin when the PPE is removed from healthcare workers,10 which may greatly increase the risk of contact transmission. It has also been documented that influenza virus can survive on a wide variety of surfaces including non‐woven fabrics 11, 12, 13, 14, 15…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Zuo

Abin

Chander

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundTo experimentally determine the survival kinetics of influenza virus on personal protective equipment (PPE) and to evaluate the risk of virus transfer from PPE, it is important to compare the effects on virus recovery of the method used to contaminate the PPE with virus and the type of eluent used to recover it.MethodsAvian influenza virus (AIV) was applied as a liquid suspension (spike test) and as an aerosol to three types of non‐woven fabrics [polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET), and polyamide (Nylon)] that are commonly used in the manufacture of PPE. This was followed by virus recovery using eight different eluents (phosphate‐buffered saline, minimum essential medium, and 1·5% or 3·0% beef extract at pH 7, 8, or 9).ResultsFor spike tests, no statistically significant difference was found in virus recovery using any of the eluents tested. Hydrophobic surfaces (PP and PET) yielded higher spiked virus recovery than hydrophilic Nylon. From all materials, the virus recovery was much lower in aerosol challenge tests than in spike tests.ConclusionsSignificant differences were found in the recovery of viable AIV from non‐woven fabrics between spike and aerosol challenge tests. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for realistic aerosol challenge tests rather than liquid spike tests in studies of virus survival on surfaces where airborne transmission of influenza virus may get involved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Zuo

Abin

Chander

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…1) It has been reported that copper surface can effectively eliminate Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Influenza A (H1N1) and Escherichia coli-DH5 (E. coli) within a few hours, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] so copper surface can be ideal to be applied in a hospital environment to decrease the chance of transmission of bacteria. The surface of copper metal can be thermally passivated to reflect light and present various color observed by human eyes for decorative purposes 10,11) and interior design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Aspects on the Discoloration and Antimicrobial Property of a Thermally Passivated Copper Surface in a Highly Humid Environment

et al. 2011

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“…The use of biocidal surfaces may play a role in preventing infection transmission from contaminated surfaces when combined with stringent cleaning regimes. Laboratory studies have suggested that copper surfaces may be effective against a range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses (8)(9)(10)(11) and that the irreversible pathogen nucleic acid destruction observed may allay fears of biocide resistance (12). A previous study observed that strains of MRSA were killed on copper surfaces in simulated wet-droplet contamination (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces

Warnes

Keevil

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The pandemic of hospital-acquired infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has declined, but the evolution of strains with enhanced virulence and toxins and the increase of community-associated infections are still a threat. In previous studies, 10 7 MRSA bacteria applied as simulated droplet contamination were killed on copper and brass surfaces within 90 min. However, contamination of surfaces is often via finger tips and dries rapidly, and it may be overlooked by cleaning regimes (unlike visible droplets). In this new study, a 5-log reduction of a hardy epidemic strain of MRSA (epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus 16 [EMRSA-16]) was observed following 10 min of contact with copper, and a 4-log reduction was observed on copper nickel and cartridge brass alloys in 15 min. A methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strain from an osteomyelitis patient was killed on copper surfaces in 15 min, and 4-log and 3-log reductions occurred within 20 min of contact with copper nickel and cartridge brass, respectively. Bacterial respiration was compromised on copper surfaces, and superoxide was generated as part of the killing mechanism. In addition, destruction of genomic DNA occurs on copper and brass surfaces, allaying concerns about horizontal gene transfer and copper resistance. Incorporation of copper alloy biocidal surfaces may help to reduce the spread of this dangerous pathogen. Intrinsic penicillin resistance and acquisition of resistance to methicillin in the 1980s by Staphylococcus aureus led to a pandemic of infections worldwide. Initially, the majority of infections were contracted in health care environments, but incorporation of measures to control the spread, including preadmission screening, decolonization, improved disinfection, and antibiotic treatment, have stemmed the tide (1). The increased use of antibiotics required for the epidemic of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens has allowed the evolution of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, effectively transforming some commensal gut bacteria into potential killers. However, new strains of S. aureus that have acquired further virulence factors and toxins or that have adapted to a specific environment, for example, an increased ability to cause bacteremia (2), are still a considerable threat. There is now widespread community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), and infections can spread within households, day care centers, and schools (3). In addition, Giuffre et al. observed an increasing incidence of MRSA in neonates (4). The ability of some strains of MRSA to revert to methicillin-susceptible isolates, particularly in skin and soft tissue infections, has been observed (5).Colonization with MRSA increases the risk of MRSA infection, particularly following illness, surgical procedures, and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Colonization and/or infection may also occur from touching contaminated surfaces. In the community, a recent study observed that 58% and 82% of surfaces in 19 f...

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Inactivation of Influenza A Virus on Copper versus Stainless Steel Surfaces

Cited by 281 publications

References 13 publications

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Some Aspects on the Discoloration and Antimicrobial Property of a Thermally Passivated Copper Surface in a Highly Humid Environment

Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces

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