Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: A critical review

Weber, Thomas; Stilianakis, Nikolaos I.

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013

Cited by 417 publications

(439 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Compared to spike tests, the lower recovery found in aerosol tests could be due to the poorer survivability of influenza virus in aerosol particles than in liquid suspension 2, 32. Another reason could be the inefficient physical removal of virus from non‐wovens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Zuo

Abin

Chander

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundTo experimentally determine the survival kinetics of influenza virus on personal protective equipment (PPE) and to evaluate the risk of virus transfer from PPE, it is important to compare the effects on virus recovery of the method used to contaminate the PPE with virus and the type of eluent used to recover it.MethodsAvian influenza virus (AIV) was applied as a liquid suspension (spike test) and as an aerosol to three types of non‐woven fabrics [polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET), and polyamide (Nylon)] that are commonly used in the manufacture of PPE. This was followed by virus recovery using eight different eluents (phosphate‐buffered saline, minimum essential medium, and 1·5% or 3·0% beef extract at pH 7, 8, or 9).ResultsFor spike tests, no statistically significant difference was found in virus recovery using any of the eluents tested. Hydrophobic surfaces (PP and PET) yielded higher spiked virus recovery than hydrophilic Nylon. From all materials, the virus recovery was much lower in aerosol challenge tests than in spike tests.ConclusionsSignificant differences were found in the recovery of viable AIV from non‐woven fabrics between spike and aerosol challenge tests. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for realistic aerosol challenge tests rather than liquid spike tests in studies of virus survival on surfaces where airborne transmission of influenza virus may get involved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative contribution of different routes is still unknown and is under debate. Some researchers1 believe that large droplet transmission is the dominant route, while others2, 3 argue in favor of aerosols. That the aerosol route is an important mode of transmission is clear from recent studies 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Zuo

Abin

Chander

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…In gulls, however, respiratory transmission may represent a more adapted route, particularly during the breeding seasons when there are very high bird densities on colonies and contact between adult and juvenile birds. In gallinaceous poultry, respiratory transmission also is the dominant route of IAV transmission, particularly under intensive farming conditions [48,49]. Respiratory transmission is unlikely to be selected for in wild dabbling ducks; however, when IAV are introduced to other wild and domestic avian populations, respiratory transmission can represent a better-adapted route than faecal -oral transmission and favour the selection of virus genotypes inducing shedding from the respiratory tract.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassortant influenza A viruses in wild duck populations: effects on viral shedding and persistence in water

et al. 2012

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Wild ducks of the genus Anas represent the natural hosts for a large genetic diversity of influenza A viruses. In these hosts, co-infections with different virus genotypes are frequent and result in high rates of genetic reassortment. Recent genomic data have provided information regarding the pattern and frequency of these reassortant viruses in duck populations; however, potential consequences on viral shedding and maintenance in the environment have not been investigated. On the basis of full-genome sequencing, we identified five virus genotypes, in a wild duck population in northwestern Minnesota (USA), that naturally arose from genetic reassortments. We investigated the effects of influenza A virus genotype on the viral shedding pattern in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and the duration of infectivity in water, under different temperature regimens. Overall, we found that variation in the viral genome composition of these isolates had limited effects on duration, extent and pattern of viral shedding, as well as on the reduction of infectivity in water over time. These results support that, in wild ducks, functionally equivalent gene segments could be maintained in virus populations with no fitness costs when genetic reassortments occur.

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“…In influenza transmission, the virus can be transmitted in the air, through direct contact, and through fomite surfaces [17]. In anthrax bioterrorism scenarios, we may wish to consider the risks of large release versus a small steady release of spores.…”

Section: Time-dependence In the Dose -Response Model Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dynamic dose–response model to account for exposure patterns in risk assessment: a case study in inhalation anthrax

Mayer

Koopman

Ionides

et al. 2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The most commonly used dose -response models implicitly assume that accumulation of dose is a time-independent process where each pathogen has a fixed risk of initiating infection. Immune particle neutralization of pathogens, however, may create strong time dependence; i.e. temporally clustered pathogens have a better chance of overwhelming the immune particles than pathogen exposures that occur at lower levels for longer periods of time. In environmental transmission systems, we expect different routes of transmission to elicit different dose-timing patterns and thus potentially different realizations of risk. We present a dose -response model that captures time dependence in a manner that incorporates the dynamics of initial immune response. We then demonstrate the parameter estimation of our model in a dose -response survival analysis using empirical time-series data of inhalational anthrax in monkeys in which we find slight dose-timing effects. Future dose-response experiments should include varying the time pattern of exposure in addition to varying the total doses delivered. Ultimately, the dynamic dose-response paradigm presented here will improve modelling of environmental transmission systems where different systems have different time patterns of exposure.

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Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: A critical review

Cited by 417 publications

References 137 publications

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Reassortant influenza A viruses in wild duck populations: effects on viral shedding and persistence in water

A dynamic dose–response model to account for exposure patterns in risk assessment: a case study in inhalation anthrax

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