Inactivation of Murine Norovirus 1, Coliphage φX174, and
            <i>Bacillus fragilis</i>
            Phage B40-8 on Surfaces and Fresh-Cut Iceberg Lettuce by Hydrogen Peroxide and UV Light

Li, Dan; Baert, Leen; Jonghe, Maarten De; Coillie, Els Van; Ryckeboer, Jaak; Devlieghere, Frank; Uyttendaele, Mieke

doi:10.1128/aem.02131-10

Cited by 50 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…No significant inactivation was observed even after 10 min of contact with these compounds in solution. These results are not surprising for two reasons: first of all, the ability to survive exposure to gastric acidity would be a useful evolutionary development for a foodborne virus (Baert et al 2009a) and second, previous studies have already demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide is an effective virucide only at concentrations higher than 10 g L -1 and therefore is less potent than PAA (Eterpi et al 2009;Li et al 2011;Pottage et al 2010). It is worth noting that despite their weak activity, both the acid and hydrogen peroxide are likely essential for the activity of the peroxyacid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Study of the Virucidal Potential of Organic Peroxyacids Against Norovirus on Food-Contact Surfaces

2014

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This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four different peroxyacids, namely peracetic (PAA), perpropionic (PPA), perlactic (PLA), and percitric (PCA) for inactivating viruses in suspension or attached to stainless steel or polyvinyl chloride surfaces. The test virus was a proxy for human norovirus, namely murine norovirus 1. Plaque-forming units in suspension (10(7) per mL) were treated with 50-1,000 mg L(-1) peroxyacid (equilibrium mixture of organic acid, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacid, and water) for 1-10 min. Inactivation was measured by plaque assay. PAA and PPA were the most effective, with a 5 min treatment at 50 mg L(-1) being sufficient to reduce viral titer by at least 3.0 log10, whether the virus was in suspension or attached to stainless steel or polyvinyl chloride disks under clean or fouled conditions. Combinations of organic acid and hydrogen peroxide were found ineffective. Similar inactivation was observed in the case of virus in artificial biofilm (alginate gel). These short super-oxidizers could be used for safe inactivation of human noroviruses in water or on hard surfaces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Study of the Virucidal Potential of Organic Peroxyacids Against Norovirus on Food-Contact Surfaces

2014

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“…Due to the lack of suitable animal models and the inability to propagate in cell cultures for human NoVs (4), surrogates that share pathological and/or biological features with human NoVs have been used to study the inactivation of human NoVs (8,9,17). MNV-1 has been used since it is cultivable and belongs to the same genus as human NoVs (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Human Norovirus GII.4 and Murine Norovirus 1 in Viral Suspensions, on Stainless Steel Discs, and in Lettuce Wash Water

Baert

Zhang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The anti-norovirus (anti-NoV) effect of grape seed extract (GSE) was examined by plaque assay for murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), cell-binding reverse transcription-PCR for human NoV GII.4, and saliva-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human NoV GII.4 P particles, with or without the presence of interfering substances (dried milk and lettuce extract). GSE at 0.2 and 2 mg/ml was shown to reduce the infectivity of MNV-1 (>3-log PFU/ml) and the specific binding ability of NoV GII.4 to Caco-2 cells (>1-log genomic copies/ml), as well as of its P particles to salivary human histo-blood group antigen receptors (optical density at 450 nm of >0.8). These effects were decreased as increasing concentrations of dried milk (0.02 and 0.2%) or lettuce extract were added. Under an electron microscope, human NoV GII.4 virus-like particles showed inflation and deformation after treatment with GSE. Under conditions that simulated applications in the food industry, the anti-NoV effect of GSE using MNV-1 as a target organism was shown to be limited in surface disinfection (<1-log PFU/ml, analyzed in accordance with EN 13697:2001). However, a 1.5-to 2-log PFU/ml reduction in MNV-1 infectivity was noted when 2 mg of GSE/ml was used to sanitize water in the washing bath of fresh-cut lettuce, and this occurred regardless of the chemical oxygen demand (0 to 1,500 mg/ml) of the processing water.

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“…The UV treatments were performed in a prototype apparatus with two low-pressure mercury lamps producing mainly 254-nm UV light (TUVN4 4K P 165 lamp, 4 W each; UV-Technik Speziallampen GmbH, Germany) as described in Li et al (15) and a CleanView UV cabinet (BiocomDirect, United Kingdom) with four low-pressure mercury lamps producing mainly 254-nm UV light (GE T8-Germicidal, 15 W each; GE Lighting, Japan). Viral suspensions (1,000-fold dilution) were exposed to the emitted UV light in a 24-well plate (200 l of suspension per well).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Long-Range and Binding Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR To Indicate the Viral Integrities of Noroviruses

Keuckelaere

Uyttendaele

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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This study intends to establish and apply methods evaluating both viral capsid and genome integrities of human noroviruses (NoVs), which thus far remain nonculturable. Murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and human NoV GII.4 in phosphate-buffered saline suspensions were treated with heat, UV light, or ethanol and detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), long-range RT-qPCR, binding RT-qPCR, and binding long-range RT-qPCR. For MNV-1 heated at 60°C for 2 and 30 min, limited reductions of genomic copies (<0.3-log) were obtained by RT-qPCR and long-range RT-qPCR, while the cell-binding pretreatments obtained higher reductions (>1.89-log reduction after 60°C for 30 min by binding long-range RT-qPCR). The human NoV GII.4 was found to be more heat resistant than MNV-1. N oroviruses (NoVs) are a group of important food-borne viruses and the leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide (1, 2). Methods for the detection of NoVs have been progressing over a number of years. Due to the inability to culture NoVs in vitro (3, 4), reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RTqPCR) is still recognized as the gold standard for virus detection, although this method cannot differentiate between infectious and noninfectious viruses (5, 6). Thus far, prediction of NoV infectivity has been attempted from the integrities and/or functions of viral RNA molecules and capsid proteins (5), which are the two essential parts for an intact and infectious virus particle.As for the genome integrity evaluation, although it is possible to amplify nearly full-length human NoV genomes (7), the amplification efficiency decreases with fragment size, thus making amplification of full-length genomic RNA relatively insensitive. Wolf et al. (8) suggested that one important factor for assessing the genomic integrities of RNA viruses is the dependency of the reverse transcription (RT) reaction on high-quality, nonfragmented template RNA. This fact can be exploited by separating the PCR amplification site and RT priming site within the virus genome. This approach has been used to examine the integrity of the human NoV genome after high-temperature (72°C) and UV treatment (8).Multiple studies have been conducted to assess the number of infectious NoVs based on the capsid integrity or function (9-11). Recently, binding-based RT-PCRs were developed in our laboratory and were able to decrease the detection of noninfectious NoVs by approximately 1 to 3 log, whereas all infectious viral particles were detected (12). For murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), the cell line RAW 264.7 and the ganglioside GD1a were used as binding receptors and, for human NoVs, differentiated Caco-2 cells and pig gastric mucin were tested as the binding receptors (12).Our aim here was to apply these methods (RT-qPCR, longrange RT-qPCR, and binding RT-qPCR) and the combination method (binding long-range RT-qPCR) in order to indicate the viral integrities of NoVs. First, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1, a surrogate of human NoVs) and human NoV GII.4 were treated in phosphate-buffered salin...

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Inactivation of Murine Norovirus 1, Coliphage φX174, and Bacillus fragilis Phage B40-8 on Surfaces and Fresh-Cut Iceberg Lettuce by Hydrogen Peroxide and UV Light

Abstract: In this study, the inactivating properties of liquid hydrogen peroxide (L-H

Cited by 50 publications

References 39 publications

Study of the Virucidal Potential of Organic Peroxyacids Against Norovirus on Food-Contact Surfaces

Study of the Virucidal Potential of Organic Peroxyacids Against Norovirus on Food-Contact Surfaces

Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Human Norovirus GII.4 and Murine Norovirus 1 in Viral Suspensions, on Stainless Steel Discs, and in Lettuce Wash Water

Application of Long-Range and Binding Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR To Indicate the Viral Integrities of Noroviruses

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