Inactivation of murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus on fresh raspberries by gaseous ozone treatment

Ozone efficacy for the control of airborne viruses: Bacteriophage and norovirus models

“…In the literature, ozone concentrations between 6.25 ppm and 60,000 ppm have been used [47][48][49][50][51] for inactivating norovirus surrogates on surfaces or food, which are all above the IDLH. Three studies used concentrations below the IDHL, with exposure times of 2 min or less [52][53][54]. Our study was designed to use lower ozone concentrations but for longer exposure periods in order to treat the air in unoccupied and unsealed rooms [55,56].…”

Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens and Their Surrogates on Fresh and Frozen Strawberries Using Gaseous Ozone

“…2.5 and 4.0-log reductions of Murine norovirus-1 and Tulane virus respectively on fresh strawberry surfaces after treatment with 6 % wt/wt ozone for 30 min. In contrast, (Brié et al, 2018) reported more than a 3-log reduction of Murine norovirus-1 after a 1 min exposure to 3 ppm gaseous ozone; and limited effect was found on Hepatitis A virus. However, it is noted from the published data that different experimental set ups and units expressing gaseous ozone dose were used, which makes it difficult to compare the decontamination effect of gaseous ozone reported in different publications.…”

Research Progress in Viral Inactivation Utilizing Human Norovirus Surrogates

“…This suggests that although gaseous treatments have potential to inactivate virus internalized in produce, one or more unknown factors limit its efficacy. In another study of gaseous ozone on produce, Brié et al (2018) report promising inactivation of MNV on raspberries (>3 log reduction in 1 min with 3 ppm gaseous ozone); however, hepatitis A virus was also investigated and little inactivation (maximum of <1 log reduction) was observed. Interestingly, higher inactivation of MNV was observed on raspberries (>3.3 log) than in PBS (1.1 log) for the same treatment; suggesting that the raspberry matrix may enhance inactivation of MNV (Brié et al, 2018) (Table 2).…”

“…In another study of gaseous ozone on produce, Brié et al (2018) report promising inactivation of MNV on raspberries (>3 log reduction in 1 min with 3 ppm gaseous ozone); however, hepatitis A virus was also investigated and little inactivation (maximum of <1 log reduction) was observed. Interestingly, higher inactivation of MNV was observed on raspberries (>3.3 log) than in PBS (1.1 log) for the same treatment; suggesting that the raspberry matrix may enhance inactivation of MNV (Brié et al, 2018) (Table 2). It is possible other components of the raspberries (organic acids, discussed below) could have enhanced inactivation; however, it could be possible that raspberry inactivation results may have been confounded by reduced elution efficiency from the berry as MNV may have bound Studies comparing inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in food or organic matrices side-by-side with buffer are presented.…”