Inactivation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus subgroup A) by monochromatic UV radiation

Griego, Viola M.; Martignoni, Mauro E.; Claycomb, A E

doi:10.1128/aem.49.3.709-710.1985

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, Griego and Spence (1978) found that the greatest kill of spores occurred at 400 nm in the visible range because of its much greater amount of energy compared with 3.4.4 Sunscreens 67 light of shorter wavelengths. The mediumwave or erythermal UV band (UVB, 280-320nm) is the most important photoinactivator of baculovirus, with considerable but slower effect in the near-UV region (UVA 320-360 nm), and in some cases some effect above this (David, 1969;Timans, 1982;Griego et al, 1985;Martignoni and Iwai, 1985;Killick, 1986;Jones et al, 1993b). Light of some longer wavelengths, however, may be beneficial to microorganisms (Jones et al, 1993b).…”

Section: 44a Damaging Wavelengths In Sunlightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects

Burges¹,

Jones²

1998

Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides

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Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects 3.6 Application to water 87 3.6.1 Problems of the aquatic environment and its target insects 87 3.6.2 Suspension concentrates and wettable powders 89 3.6.3 Penetration of foliage for mosquito control 90 3.6.4 Floating and slow-release products 91 3.6.5 Encapsulation 95 3.6.6 Monomolecular surface films 96 3.7 Future trends and research in formulation technology 97 3.7.1 Pathogen production 97 3.7.2 Trends in formulation for use on land 99 3.7.2a Products applied dry 99 3.7.2b Products applied as sprays 99 3.7.2c Additives 102 3.7.3 Products for use in water 104 3.7.3a Suspension concentrates and wettable powders 104 3.7.3b Granules, pellets and briqu.ettes 104 3.7.3c Monomolecular layers 106 3.7.3d Bacillus sphaericus 106 3.7.3e Products without live spores 106 3.7.4 Systemic expression of microbial factors 106 3.7.5 Novel strategies for control 108 3.7.6 Research priorities 108 References 109Table 3.2 Production of a Bacillus thuringiensis technical powder by centrifugation and spray-drying fermenter broth (adapted from Lisanky et aI., 1993) Ingredients (Appendix l) Centrifuged broth Aqueous 40% Bevaloid 211 Gum arabic Percentage (w/w) 97 2 1 Function Agent Dispersant Drying protectant Cost ($/kg product) 28.00 0.03 0.03 Preparation 1 Stabilize broth by adjusting pH to 4.1 with 5 M H2S04 2 Spin sample of broth in bench centrifuge at 2: 8000g; supernatant should be clear* 3 Sample for later tests on pH, solids, microbiological purity and cell count 4 Centrifuge at 2: 8000 g and < 35°C with continuous stirring/ agitation of the feed 5 Sample concentrate as for step 2 1 6 Add 2% dispersant and 1% gum arabic or 5% lactose slowly while stirring for 5 min, ensuring that no lumps remain 7 Spray-dry+, using a rotary atomizer, to 6-7% water content; lower levels may cause loss of potency; higher levels will allow caking and contaminants to grow 8 Sieve to < 50lIm and mill oversize material at < 35 DC 9 Bioassay potency of product. The relationship between potency of a 20 gil solids broth and that of the technical powder is about x5 for ssp. kurstaki and x3 for ssp. israelensis * If cloudy, cool sample to 5'C to clear possible interference by antifoam and check microscopically. If there are> 1-2 spores and crystals per field, add 4 mill Superfloc C 577 to bulk broth, but with ssp. israelensis dilute bulk broth to 1.5% with cold water, then add 6 mill of Superfloc to flocculate. t If the concentrate is not to be spray dried immediately, stabilize by adding 2 gIl potassium sorbate and adjust pH to 4.1 ± 0.1 with 5 M H 2 S0 4 , or cool to 5°C. t Spray driers vary. Check residence time of product in drier as over-exposure to heat will lower potency. Typical temperatures are inlet 180-210 °C and outlet 85°C. Experiment with temperatures and throughput rates.Preparation 1 Egg masses of a laboratory strain (New Jersey) of the gypsy moth are held for 150 days at 6 'C to complete diapause 2 Eggs are dehaired (Cosenza et al., 1963;Tardif and Secrest, 1970, modified by...

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Section: 44a Damaging Wavelengths In Sunlightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects

Burges¹,

Jones²

1998

Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides

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“…It is made The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 23, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.22.436482 doi: bioRxiv preprint Besides host density, other aspects of the local environment may affect viral transmission and dynamics in the field (Cory & Myers, 2003). In particular, ultraviolet radiation has been shown to inactivate viruses of all kinds (Sagripanti & Lytle, 2007), including baculovirus occlusion bodies (Griego, Martignoni, & Claycomb, 1985;Witt & Stairs, 1975). In field studies, examination of the presence of baculovirus occlusion bodies on shaded vs. unshaded foliage suggested that sunlight on leaves may inactivate viruses (Olofsson, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of delayed density and ultraviolet radiation on caterpillar baculovirus infection and mortality

Pepi¹,

Pan²,

Karban³

2021

Preprint

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Infectious disease is an important potential driver of population cycles, but this must occur through delayed density-dependent infection and resulting fitness effects. Delayed density-dependent infection by baculoviruses can be caused by environmental persistence of viral occlusion bodies, which can be influenced by environmental factors. In particular, ultraviolet radiation is potentially important in reducing the environmental persistence of viruses by inactivating viral occlusion bodies. Delayed density-dependent viral infection has rarely been observed empirically at the population level although theory predicts that it is necessary for these pathogens to drive population cycles. Similarly, field studies have not examined the potential effects of ultraviolet radiation on viral infection rates in natural animal populations. We tested if viral infection is delayed density-dependent with the potential to drive cyclic dynamics and if ultraviolet radiation influences viral infection. We censused 18 moth populations across nearly 9 degrees of latitude over two years and quantified the effects of direct and delayed density and ultraviolet radiation on granulovirus infection rate, infection severity, and survival to adulthood. Caterpillars were collected from each population in the field and reared in the laboratory. We found that infection rate, infection severity, and survival to adulthood exhibited delayed density-dependence. Ultraviolet radiation in the previous summer decreased infection severity, and increased survival probability of the virus. Structural equation modelling found that the effect of lagged density on moth survival was mediated through infection rate and infection severity, and was 2.5 fold stronger than the effect of ultraviolet radiation on survival through infection severity.

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“…Two important limitations to the efficacy of this bioinsecticide relate, first, to the proportion of larvae that can be directly infected by the applied inoculum and, second, to the inactivation of the virus by UV solar radiation, a recognized problem for all biological insecticides (Ignoffo et al, 1977;Griego et al, 1985;Cohen et al, 1991;Inglis et al, 1995). To achieve a high prevalence of infection of larvae, it would be necessary to apply higher concentrations of virus, the costs of which would be prohibitive for a bioinsecticide targeted at impoverished maize growers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%