As emerging chemical-free and eco-friendly
technologies, nonthermal
(gas discharge) plasma and (liquid phase) plasma-activated water (PAW)
offer exceptional microbial disinfection solutions for biological,
medical, environmental, and agricultural applications. Herein, we
present electrohydraulic streamer discharge plasma (ESDP), which combines
streamer discharge plasma (SDP) and PAW generated at a gas–liquid
interface, to sterilize Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) seeds contaminated with Alternaria
brassicicola (A. brassicicola). The results showed that the ESDP treatment of A.
brassicicola-inoculated seeds provides a ∼75%
reduction of A. brassicicola (incident
percentage) compared with nontreated seeds. Likewise, the healthy
seedling percentage of the plasma-treated seeds was significantly
improved to ∼70%, while that of the nontreated seeds remained
at ∼15%. A microscopic examination was performed, and it confirmed
that ESDP can damage the A. brassicicola spores attached to Chinese kale seeds and lead to severe morphological
abnormalities after treatment. Also, an electric field simulation
was performed, and it indicated that the strongly localized electric
field at the liquid–gas interface on the seed surface boundary
had initiated local breakdown of the gas at the air–liquid
interface, resulting in exceptional physical–chemical reactions
for antimicrobial efficacy beyond typical plasma treatments. Moreover,
the optical emission spectra and physicochemical properties (pH, conductivity,
and oxidation–reduction potential) showed that inactivation
is mainly associated with the reactive oxygen–nitrogen species
in the liquid and gas phases. We believe that this work is of great
interest when using electrical discharge plasma on liquid interfaces
in food, agricultural, and medical industries.