Inappropriate dietary habits in tobacco smokers as a potential risk factor for lung cancer: Pomeranian cohort study

Dietary Heat-Treatment Contaminants Exposure and Cancer: A Case Study from Turkey

“…According to the world cancer data published by the World Cancer Research Fund International in 2020, the top five most common cancer types in men are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, and liver cancer, and the top five most common cancer types in women are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, cervix uteri cancer, and thyroid cancer, respectively [ 101 ]. Grosso et al, (2017) [ 54 ] reported that there was no significant difference in unhealthy eating patterns between male and female patients diagnosed with different types of cancer, while Dardzińska et al, (2023) reported that men diagnosed with lung cancer had higher unhealthy eating index scores than women [ 72 ].…”

“…The food group that made the highest contribution to the risk score calculated for all cancer types was meat products. Bertuccio et al, (2013) stated that an unhealthy diet model increased the risk of gastric cancer by 50%, Grosso et al, (2017) found a strong association between unhealthy eating patterns and colorectal cancer, Bagheri et al, (2018) and Lozano-Lorca et al, (2022) found a positive relationship between an unhealthy diet and prostate cancer, Hajjar et al, (2022) found that an unhealthy diet increased the risk of kidney cancer, and Dardzińska et al, (2023) reported that patients diagnosed with lung cancer had a high level of unhealthy nutrition index [ 71 , 72 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 ].…”

“…Bread: Bread is a globally important food in terms of nutrition. It has been reported that HCAs, PAHs, and acrylamide are formed in bread, and the relationship between bread consumption and cancer has been examined in many studies [ 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. Turkey ranks first in bread consumption worldwide [ 73 ].…”

Cancer and Food-Related Risks: A Review

“…These organs encompass the lungs, excretory system, upper respiratory tract (comprising the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus), pancreatic gland, nose cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, stomach, liver, kidney, uterine cervix, and myeloid leukemia. The relative risks linked to tobacco smoking and cancer development vary significantly among different cancer sites, ranging from 1.5 to 30.0 72 . These findings stress the substantial impact of tobacco smoking on cancer risk, emphasizing the crucial role of public health interventions in curbing tobacco use and addressing associated health risks.…”

“…Moreover, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, or involuntary smoking, is recognized as a substantial contributor to the development of lung cancer, supported by a meta-analysis of over fifty studies on nonsmokers. The complex composition of tobacco smoke, containing numerous carcinogens, poses a threat by causing DNA damage in lung cells 74 . Cumulative exposure to tobacco over time, rather than the act of smoking alone, significantly influences the risk of lung cancer, emphasizing the higher risk for individuals engaged in substantial or long-term smoking practices.…”