“…Evidence suggests that clients experiencing such abuse have high levels of physical and psychiatric comorbidity and socioeconomic disadvantage, lengthy abuse, and a high number of abuse incidents, with abuse noted to continue for decades and sometimes well into the victim’s middle age (McMaugh et al, 2024; Middleton, 2013b, 2022). Additionally, this cohort commonly reports violence by extrafamilial offenders in both childhood and adulthood (McMaugh et al, 2024; Middleton, 2013a, 2013b). These clients typically present with complex dissociative disorders, and many are at high risk of suicide, have medical conditions related to their abuse, and have disorganized attachment to violent perpetrators.…”