Incidence and characteristics of endemic Norwalk‐like virus‐associated gastroenteritis

Marshall, John A.; Hellard, Margaret; Sinclair, Martha Irvine; Fairley, Christopher K.; Cox, Bradley J; Catton, Michael; Kelly, Heath; Wright, P.J.

doi:10.1002/jmv.10346

Cited by 74 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Most of the studies on seasonality describe winter peaks in NoV-associated outbreaks or sporadic cases (Fankhauser et al 1998, Fretz 2005 and some reports, in spring and summer, varying according to the NoV genogroups (Marshall et al 2003). Prevalence of NoV at the beginning of the dry season was previously observed in Vietnam (Hansman et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…NoVs are the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide and are related to the consumption of food and water or aquatic recreational activities attacking persons of all ages (de Wit et al 2003), as well as outbreaks in nurseries, hospitals, daycare centers and hotels (Gallimore et al 2004, de Wit et al 2007). However, since the 1990s, molecular procedures have recognized this virus as a common agent of sporadic self-limiting gastroenteritis (de Wit et al 2001, Marshall et al 2003, Oh et al 2003.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hospitalization due to norovirus and genotypes of rotavirus in pediatric patients, state of Espírito Santo

Ribeiro

Giuberti

Barreira

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

Hospitalization due to norovirus and genotypes of rotavirus in pediatric patients, state of Espírito Santo

Ribeiro

Giuberti

Barreira

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…In this study, multiple norovirus GII sequences were detected in the same outbreak, but norovirus GI and GII sequences were not detected in the same outbreak. The low infectious dose (22) and prolonged shedding (11) of norovirus makes transmission almost certain, although we could not be certain whether foods were contaminated. Mean viral loads of GI and GII were found to be 2.79 ϫ 10 7 and 3.81 ϫ 10 8 copies/g of stool, respectively (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Infections in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Food Handlers in Japan

Ozawa¹,

et al. 2007

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Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the world. At present, norovirus genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII/4), strains are the most prevalent in many countries. In this study we investigated 55 outbreaks and 35 sporadic cases of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis in food handlers in foodcatering settings between 10 November 2005 and 9 December 2006 in Japan. Stool specimens were collected from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals and were examined for norovirus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR; the results were then confirmed by sequence analysis. Norovirus was detected in 449 of 2,376 (19%) specimens. Four genogroup I (GI) genotypes and 12 GII genotypes, including one new GII genotype, were detected. The GII/4 sequences were predominant, accounting for 19 of 55 (35%) outbreaks and 16 of 35 (46%) sporadic cases. Our results also showed that a large number of asymptomatic food handlers were infected with norovirus GII/4 strains. Norovirus GII had a slightly higher mean viral load (1 log unit higher) than norovirus GI, i.e., 3.81 ؋ 10 8 versus 2.79 ؋ 10 7 copies/g of stool. Among norovirus GI strains, GI/4 had the highest mean viral load, whereas among GII strains, GII/4 had the highest mean viral load (2.02 ؋ 10 8 and 7.96 ؋ 10 9 copies/g of stool, respectively). Importantly, we found that asymptomatic individuals had mean viral loads similar to those of symptomatic individuals, which may account for the increased number of infections and the predominance of an asymptomatic transmission route.The positive-sense polyadenylated single-stranded RNA virus family Caliciviridae contains four genera: Norovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus (1). The prototype strain of human norovirus is the Norwalk virus (NV/Human/US/1968), which was first discovered in an outbreak of gastroenteritis in an elementary school in Norwalk, OH, in 1968 (15). Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the world; they cause outbreaks in various settings, including hospitals, cruise ships, schools, and restaurants (2,9,12,15,23,24,29). In addition, noroviruses have been detected in environmental samples (e.g., treated and untreated sewage) as well as in contaminated foods such as oysters, shellfish, sandwiches, salads, raspberries, and even ice (7,18,19,26). Numerous molecular epidemiological studies have revealed a global distribution of these viruses (25,27,31).The most widely used method of detecting noroviruses is reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), which has high sensitivity; also, the products can be used for further genetic analysis. Real-time RT-PCR assays have also been developed; they are sensitive, broadly reactive, and rapid for the detection of human noroviruses in clinical stool specimens and environmental samples (13,14,21).As the detection methods become more and more sensitive, the numbers of genogroups and genotypes are expected to increase. One emerging characteristic is that strains have been found to persist in one geographical region, only to disapp...

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“…Norovirus is the most common cause of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in the community in highincome countries [1][2][3][4]. Norovirus infection has also been identified in a substantial proportion of individuals with no IID symptoms in several community-based studies, with prevelances of up to 16 % reported in high-income countries [1,[5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community

et al. 2010

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SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to investigate risk factors for norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease (IID) and asymptomatic norovirus infection. Individuals with IID and healthy controls were recruited in a community-based study in England (1993England ( -1996. This is the first risk-factor study to use viral load measurements, generated by real-time RT-PCR, to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and asymptomatic infections. Using multivariable logistic regression the main risk factor identified for norovirus-associated IID was contact with a person with IID symptoms. Infectious contacts accounted for 54 % of norovirus cases in young children and 39 % of norovirus cases in older children and adults. For young children, contacts outside the household presented the highest risk ; for older children and adults, the highest risk was associated with child contacts inside the household. Foreign travel and consumption of shellfish increased the risk of norovirus-associated IID. Lifestyle and dietary factors were associated with a decreased risk of both norovirus-associated IID and asymptomatic infection. No risk factors were identified for asymptomatic norovirus infection.

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Incidence and characteristics of endemic Norwalk‐like virus‐associated gastroenteritis

Cited by 74 publications

References 39 publications

Hospitalization due to norovirus and genotypes of rotavirus in pediatric patients, state of Espírito Santo

Hospitalization due to norovirus and genotypes of rotavirus in pediatric patients, state of Espírito Santo

Norovirus Infections in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Food Handlers in Japan

Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community

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