Incidence and Characteristics of Scarlet Fever, South Korea, 2008–2015

Park, Duck Woong; Kim, Sun‐Hee; Park, Jung–Wook; Kim, Minji; Cho, Sun Ju; Park, Hye Jung; Jung, So Hyang; Seo, Mi Hee; Lee, Yong Seok; Kim, Byung Hee; Min, Hyeran; Lee, Su Ya; Ha, Dong Ryong; Kim, Eun Sun; Hong, Yeongjin; Chung, Jae Keun

doi:10.3201/eid2304.160773

Cited by 59 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A substantial increase in the incidence of scarlet fever has been seen in east Asia and the UK since 2008. 1,3,[5][6][7] This study has shown that China also had a striking increase in the incidence of scarlet fever in 2011 that coincided with a resurgence of the disease in Hong Kong and South Korea, whereas England did not have an increase in incidence until 2014. In China, the average annual incidence of scarlet fever in the period after the upsurge, between 2011 and 2016, was double that reported before the upsurge .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Although the predominant group A streptococcus emm gene types are varied in China (emm12, emm1), [16][17][18] South Korea (emm3, emm28), 6 and England (emm3, emm12), 1,19 all these countries had the same challenges of scarlet fever re-emergence. Scientists have found that one of the possible causes of the scarlet fever upsurge is that S pyogenes is expanding from a single clonal lineage to multiclonal lineages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seasonal patterns in China were similar to those in Hong Kong and South Korea, but different from those in Poland (which peaked in January and March) and England (which peaked in February-March). 1,3,6,30 The length and timing of the school holidays might have contributed to the different seasonal patterns in east Asia and Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 However, the incidence of scarlet fever declined in the 20th century with the use of effective antibiotics, along with improvements in hygiene and nutrition. 3,4 In the past decade, there was a sudden increase in the incidence of the disease in several countries and areas, including in Asia (eg, Vietnam in 2009, 2 Hong Kong in 2011, 5 and South Korea in 2015 6 ) and Europe (eg, the UK in 2014 1,7 ). To date, the studies of these outbreaks have been small, but overall they have shown that children younger than school age (ie, younger than 10 years) have the greatest risk of infection, and that seasonal patterns and group A streptococcus emm gene types are varied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resurgence of scarlet fever in China: a 13-year population-based surveillance study

Liu

Chan

Yap

et al. 2018

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resurgence of scarlet fever in China: a 13-year population-based surveillance study

Liu

Chan

Yap

et al. 2018

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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“…Although the effective antibiotics, hygiene and nutrition has been improved in the past decade, there were a sudden increase in the incidence of the scarlet fever in Asia [3][4][5][6][7]. After implementation of two-child policy from 2011, scarlet fever is an increasing threat to the growing child population in China, which had a sudden increase in the number of susceptible children [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between ambient air pollution and scarlet fever in Qingdao, China, 2014-2018: a quantitative analysis

Tao

Han

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: We conducted a distributed lag non-linear time series analysis to quantify the association between air pollution and scarlet fever in Qingdao city during 2014-2018. Methods: A generalized additive Mixed Model (GAMM) combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was applied to quantify the distributed lag effects of air pollutions on scarlet fever, with daily incidence of scarlet fever as the dependent variable and air pollutions as the independent variable adjusted for potential confounders. Results: A total of 6,316 cases of scarlet fever were notified, and there were 376 days occurring air pollution during the study period. Scarlet fever was significantly associated with air pollutions at a lag of 7 days with different RRs of air pollution degrees (1.172, 95%CI: 1.038-1.323 in mild air pollution; 1.374, 95%CI: 1.078-1.749 in moderate air pollution; 1.610, 95%CI: 1.163-2.314 in severe air pollution; 1.887, 95%CI: 1.163-3.061 in most severe air pollution). Conclusions: Our findings show that air pollution is positively associated with scarlet fever in Qingdao, and the risk of scarlet fever could be increased along with the degrees of air pollution. It contributes to developing strategies to prevent and reduce health impact from scarlet fever and other non-vaccine-preventable respiratory infectious diseases in air polluted areas.

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Group A streptococcal disease in paediatric inpatients: a European perspective

Atkins

Levin

Coin³

et al. 2022

Eur J Pediatr

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Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease shows increasing incidence worldwide. We characterised children admitted with GAS infection to European hospitals and studied risk factors for severity and disability. This is a prospective, multicentre, cohort study (embedded in EUCLIDS and the Swiss Pediatric Sepsis Study) including 320 children, aged 1 month to 18 years, admitted with GAS infection to 41 hospitals in 6 European countries from 2012 to 2016. Demographic, clinical, microbiological and outcome data were collected. A total of 195 (61%) patients had sepsis. Two hundred thirty-six (74%) patients had GAS detected from a normally sterile site. The most common infection sites were the lower respiratory tract (LRTI) (22%), skin and soft tissue (SSTI) (23%) and bone and joint (19%). Compared to patients not admitted to PICU, patients admitted to PICU more commonly had LRTI (39 vs 8%), infection without a focus (22 vs 8%) and intracranial infection (9 vs 3%); less commonly had SSTI and bone and joint infections ( p < 0.001); and were younger (median 40 (IQR 21–83) vs 56 (IQR 36–85) months, p = 0.01). Six PICU patients (2%) died. Sequelae at discharge from hospital were largely limited to patients admitted to PICU (29 vs 3%, p < 0.001; 12% overall) and included neurodisability, amputation, skin grafts, hearing loss and need for surgery. More patients were recruited in winter and spring ( p < 0.001). Conclusion : In an era of observed marked reduction in vaccine-preventable infections, GAS infection requiring hospital admission is still associated with significant severe disease in younger children, and short- and long-term morbidity. Further advances are required in the prevention and early recognition of GAS disease. What is Known: • Despite temporal and geographical variability, there is an increase of incidence of infection with group A streptococci. However, data on the epidemiology of group A streptococcal infections in European children is limited. What is New: • In a large, prospective cohort of children with community-acquired bacterial infection requiring hospitalisation in Europe, GAS was the most frequent pathogen, with 12% disability at discharge, and 2% mortality in patients with GAS infection. • In children with GAS sepsis, IVIG was used in only 4.6% of patients and clindamycin in 29% of patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00431-022-04718-y.

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Incidence and Characteristics of Scarlet Fever, South Korea, 2008–2015

Cited by 59 publications

References 14 publications

Resurgence of scarlet fever in China: a 13-year population-based surveillance study

Resurgence of scarlet fever in China: a 13-year population-based surveillance study

The association between ambient air pollution and scarlet fever in Qingdao, China, 2014-2018: a quantitative analysis

Group A streptococcal disease in paediatric inpatients: a European perspective

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