IntroductionAs a consequence of the Mainz-Marburg trial [1], in 1999 our clinic introduced a general pre-anaesthetic prophylaxis with histamine H 1 + H 2 -receptor antagonists in order to prevent perioperative anaphylactoid reactions. Thereafter the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) also seemed to be reduced compared to reported values of 30 % [2, 3]. The aetiology of PONV is complex and multi-factorial, with at least four different types of receptors involved in vomiting. Currently the drugs used for prophylaxis and/or treatment of PONV include dopaminergic, histaminic, muscarinic and serotonergic (5-HT 3 ) receptor antagonists [3 -5]. The aim of this observational trial was to quantify the efficacy of p. o. or i. v. prophylaxis with histamine H 1 + H 2 -receptor antagonists on the incidence of PONV in clinical routine.
Materials and methodsBetween April and September 2002, 500 patients (206 (41.2 %) male, 294 (58.8 %) female, 18 -101 years, ASA I-IV, without major thoracic/abdominal surgery) were consecutively questioned with regard to early (£ 6 h) and late (6 -24 h) postoperative nausea (= PON I and II) Inflamm. res. 53, Supplement 1 (2004) S91-S92 and vomiting (= POV I and II). For pre-anaesthetic sedation and anxiolysis, patients received oxazepam, lorazepam or clorazepate dipotassium p. o. on the day of operation. All patients had a prophylaxis with H 1 + H 2 -receptor antagonists (dimetindene plus cimetidine) either p. o. (4 mg + 200 mg, n = 145, 29 %) at least 1 h before anaesthesia or i. v. (5 mg + 0.1 mg/kg BW, n = 355, 71 %) immediately before anaesthesia. Additionally 20 ml sodium citrate were given p. o. 10 min before balanced anaesthesia (BA, n = 386, 77.2 %) with fentanyl, thiopentone, with and without muscle relaxant and desflurane in O 2 /air or regional anaesthesia (RA, n = 114, 22.8 %, all but 4 RA were spinal cord associated). About 30 min before the end of operation, all patients received analgesia with 2.5 g novaminsulfon.The study fulfilled the ethical requirements in Germany. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis and Chi 2 -test with p < 0.05 indicating significance.
Results and discussionOur results are in agreement with previous studies [6,7]. The incidence of vomiting after BA was comparable to other publications e. g. Doenicke et al. [6]. However, only early nausea was significantly less frequent (p = 0.03) after RA ( Table 1). As nearly all our RAs were spinal cord associated, it could be speculated that a decrease in blood pressure folTable 1. Incidence of PONV after balanced (BA) and regional anaesthesia (RA). BA RA Chi 2 -test Time n = 386 (77.2 %) n = 114 (22.8 %) BA vs. RA, p-value Vomiting Early 15 (3.9 %) 4 (3.9 %) n. s. Late 20 (5.2 %) 7 (6.1 %) n. s. Early and late 30 (7.8 %) 8 (7.0 %) n. s. Nausea Early 15 (3.9 %) 0 (0 %) 0.03 Late 22 (5.7 %) 4 (3.5 %) n. s. Early and late 35 (9.1 %) 4 (3.5 %) 0.03 Early = up to 6 h post-operatively. Late = 6 -24 h post-operatively. n. s. = not significant.