Incidence and Determinants of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Individuals at Risk of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Attending a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Testing Program

Giuliani, Massimo; Caprilli, F.; Gentili, G.; Maini, Antonio; Lepri, Alessandro Cozzi; Prignano, G.; Palamara, Guido; Giglio, A.; Crescimbeni, E; Rezza, Giovanni

doi:10.1097/00007435-199710000-00007

“…This observation supports previous studies showing an epidemiologic association between HCV and HIV infections, indicating overlapping risk behaviors like drug use or HIV infection preceding HCV exposure. 10,11,16,17,34 There are limitations to this study. The data used to address the study objectives were collected for the purpose of risk assessment and counseling for HIV testing and not for describing the epidemiology of HCV infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…3,[12][13][14][15] Studies to evaluate the sexual transmission of HCV among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been inconclusive. 16 -22 Few studies in MSM 16,[23][24][25] or heterosexual populations 6,14,15 have examined the incidence of HCV infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Sexually Active Non-Intravenous Drug-Using Adults, San Francisco, 1997–2000

Hammer

¹

,

Kellogg²,

McFarland³

et al. 2003

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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“…In prospective studies conducted in sex workers and attendees of STD clinics who were not injection drug users, the incidence of HCV was 0.4 to 1.8 per 100 person-years with follow-up periods of 1 to 3.7 years (Table 3). [30][31][32] In retrospective cohorts of hemophiliacs with high rates of HIV and HCV coinfection (more than 50%), the incidence of HCV infection was 0 to 0.19 per 100 person-years in sexual partners (primarily females) with a median follow-up of 12 to 15 year~.~~,2*,33 In these coinfected cohorts, HIV was transmitted more frequently than HCV, and partners were more likely to be infected with HIV and HCV than HCV alone.22…”

Section: What Is the Incidence Of Hcv Infection In "At Risk" I Nd Ivimentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual activity as a risk factor for hepatitis C

Terrault

¹

2002

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The accumulated evidence indicates that hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be transmitted by sexual contact but much less efficiently than other sexually transmitted viruses, including hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HW). However, because sex is such a common behavior and the reservoir of HCV-infected 1053/jhep.2002.3679? individual at risk in temporal relationship to sexual activity with an HCV-infected partner. The mode of transmission was ascertained by carefully questioning the infected individual to exclude nonsexual sources of HCV. A high degree of sequence homology between the viral strains in the sexual partners provided virological confirmation that a transmission event had occurred. While there is sufficient evidence to support the conclusion that sexual transmission of HCV occurs, quantifying the magnitude of an individual's risk of HCV acquisition by sexual contact is more difficult. Epidemiologic studies have had several methodological shortcomings that tend to overestimate the proportion of HCV infections attributed to sexual contact. Early studies used first-generation antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) assays which have a higher false positive rate than second-and third-generation assays. Studies varied in the completeness of risk ascertainment in partners, and many failed to carefully exclude HCV acquisition from nonsexual sources (Fig. 1). Nondisclosure of injection drug use is particularly important because assessing the independent contribution of sexual activity in HCV transmission is difficult in the presence of injection drug use. Finally, only a limited number of studies performed virological analyses to confirm that anti-HCV concordant sexual partners were infected with the same virus.

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“…In prospective studies conducted in sex workers and attendees of STD clinics who were not injection drug users, the incidence of HCV was 0.4 to 1.8 per 100 person-years with follow-up periods of 1 to 3.7 years (Table 3). [30][31][32] In retrospective cohorts of hemophiliacs with high rates of HIV and HCV coinfection (more than 50%), the incidence of HCV infection was 0 to 0.19 per 100 person-years in sexual partners (primarily females) with a median follow-up of 12 to 15 years. 22,24,33 In these coinfected cohorts, HIV was transmitted more frequently than HCV, and partners were more likely to be infected with HIV and HCV than HCV alone.…”

Section: What Is the Incidence Of Hcv Infection In "At Risk" Individumentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual activity as a risk factor for hepatitis C

Terrault

¹

2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The accumulated evidence indicates that hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be transmitted by sexual contact but much less efficiently than other sexually transmitted viruses, including hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, because sex is such a common behavior and the reservoir of HCV-infected individuals is sizable, sexual transmission of HCV likely contributes to the total burden of infection in the United States. Risk of HCV transmission by sexual contact differs by the type of sexual relationship. Persons in long-term monogamous partnerships are at lower risk of HCV acquisition (0% to 0.6% per year) than persons with multiple partners or those at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (0.4% to 1.8% per year). This difference may reflect differences in sexual risk behaviors or differences in rates of exposure to nonsexual sources of HCV, such as injection drug use or shared razors and toothbrushes. In seroprevalence studies in monogamous, heterosexual partners of HCV-infected, HIV-negative persons, the frequency of antibody-positive and genotype-concordant couples is 2.8% to 11% in Southeast Asia, 0% to 6.3% in Northern Europe, and 2.7% in the United States. Among individuals at risk for sexually transmitted diseases ( P ercutaneous exposures, such as blood transfusion and injection drug use, are well-established risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The risk of HCV transmission by sexual contact, however, is less well defined. The accumulated epidemiologic evidence indicates that HCV can be transmitted by sexual contact but much less efficiently than other sexuallytransmitted viruses, including hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).There are several case reports of acute hepatitis C occurring in persons whose only risk factor appeared to be a HCV-infected sexual partner. 1,2 The strength of these reports lay in their ability to document seroconversion in an individual at risk in temporal relationship to sexual activity with an HCV-infected partner. The mode of transmission was ascertained by carefully questioning the infected individual to exclude nonsexual sources of HCV. A high degree of sequence homology between the viral strains in the sexual partners provided virological confirmation that a transmission event had occurred.While there is sufficient evidence to support the conclusion that sexual transmission of HCV occurs, quantifying the magnitude of an individual's risk of HCV acquisition by sexual contact is more difficult. Epidemiologic studies have had several methodological shortcomings that tend to overestimate the proportion of HCV infections attributed to sexual contact. Early studies used first-generation antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) assays which have a higher false positive rate than second-and third-generation assays. Studies varied in the completeness of risk ascertainment in partners, and many failed to carefully exclude HCV acquisition from nonsexual sources (Fig. 1). Nondisclosure of injection drug use is particularly important because a...

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Incidence and Determinants of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Individuals at Risk of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Attending a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Testing Program

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

Low Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Sexually Active Non-Intravenous Drug-Using Adults, San Francisco, 1997–2000

Low Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Sexually Active Non-Intravenous Drug-Using Adults, San Francisco, 1997–2000

Sexual activity as a risk factor for hepatitis C

Sexual activity as a risk factor for hepatitis C

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