Incidence and Prevalence of Granuloma Annulare in the United States

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Although several single-center studies have estimated that granuloma annulare may account for approximately 0.1% to 0.4% of new patients presenting to dermatologists, large-scale population-based studies estimating the prevalence and incidence of granuloma annulare are lacking. OBJECTIVES To estimate the population-based incidence and prevalence of granuloma annulare in the United States and to identify the most commonly prescribed treatments.

Granuloma Annulare: An Updated Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options

“…Incidence and prevalence also appears to be more common among Caucasians and individuals with a higher household income and educational attainment. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether this difference is due to genetic and environmental factors or merely due to a lower likelihood of racial minorities and individuals with lower educational attainment seeking medical attention [ 10 ]. A recent study of 180 GA patients in the All of Us Research Program, a National Institutes of Health database that includes groups that have been historically underrepresented in research, also reports GA to be more prevalent among White patients compared with non-White patients, suggesting that a genetic predisposition may indeed be likely, although further studies are still needed to establish such an association [ 11 ].…”

“…Tetracycline and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were also prescribed as first-line treatments at a frequency of 7.1% and 2.3%, respectively. Interestingly, phototherapy, despite being the most efficacious and evidence-based treatment currently available, was utilized by only 0.5% of patients, suggesting that perhaps logistical and financial constraints may preclude phototherapy from being a viable treatment option [ 10 ].…”

“…Topical and intralesional corticosteroids are considered first-line therapies for GA and can induce partial or complete GA regression in some patients, although several cases of GA remain recalcitrant to corticosteroid treatment [ 8 , 10 ]. Recent single-center retrospective studies of GA treatments further seem to suggest that corticosteroids may have efficacy in the management of GA in some but not all patients.…”

A Unique Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting Within a Lesion of Granuloma Annulare

“…GA is a granulomatous inflammatory disorder thought to be most common among young adults, especially women [4]. While the lesion itself is benign, GA is thought to possibly be associated with many conditions inducing thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, infection, and malignancy [5].…”

Psychiatric comorbidities associated with granuloma annulare: A case-control study in the All of Us database

“…Our analysis is subject to many of the same limitations as the study by Leasure et al 1 was. Although the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, code for GA has been validated, 5 the diagnosis codes for most of the outcomes that we assessed have not been validated, resulting in potential misclassification bias. Additionally, the All of Us cohort may not be generalizable to the broader US population.…”