Incidence and Risk Factors for Progression to Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

(1) Objective: This study examined the incidence and risk factors contributing to the progression to diabetes mellitus (DM) in a seven-year follow-up study of non-diabetic National Health Examinees. (2) Methods: For this retrospective observational cohort study, we used two national representative databases: the National Health Screening (HEALS) database 2009 and the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database 2009–2015. The eligible subjects without DM with blood sugar levels of <126 mg/dL were selected using the HEALS database. The subsequent follow-up and clinical outcomes were evaluated using the NHIS database. Cox proportional hazard regression was applied to examine the effects of the covariates on progression to diabetes. (3) Results: Among those who took part in the national health screening in 2009, 4,205,006 subjects who met the eligibility criteria were selected. Of these, 587,015 were diagnosed with DM during the follow-up by 2015. The incidence of progression from non-diabetes to DM was 14.0%, whereas that from impaired fasting glucose (IFG) to DM was 21.9%. Compared to the normal group, the newly diagnosed DM group was more likely to comprise older, female, currently smoking, and high-risk drinking participants and participants with IFG, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. (4) Conclusions: This epidemiological study in the Republic of Korea found risk factors similar to those of other studies, but the incidence of progression to DM was 22.8 per 1000 person-years, which is higher than that previously reported. Hence, more care is needed to prevent DM.

The incidence of diabetes mellitus and its determining factors in a Kurdish population: insights from a cohort study in western Iran

“…Sharma et al in a study in Mumbai, India reported an incidence rate of 5.3 cases per 1000 person-years 28 . In a study conducted in Korea, Hyun et al reported a higher incidence rate of 22.8 per 1000 person-years for DM 22 . Similarly, Rojo-Martínez et al observed an adjusted overall incidence rate of 11.6 per 1000 person-years in Spain 29 .…”

“…Diabetes is a chronic disease 6 influenced by various factors. Older age 8 , 21 , female sex 22 and high BMI 6 , 23 are among the major risk factors for the development of DM. Despite extensive research in this field, it remains crucial to gain a better understanding of disparities in risk factor profiles and the burden of diabetes across different populations 6 .…”

PPI use associated with decreased new-onset diabetes risk in Korean NHIS-HEALS cohort

“…develop diabetes than those with normoglycemia (32.5 vs. 7.2%) 13 . A 6-year Korean observational cohort study demonstrated that 21.9% of the IFG group progressed to diabetes, compared to 14% in the normoglycemic population 14 . In addition, statin use is associated with NODM occurrence, and the risk of NODM occurrence increases by 12-61% when using statins compared to the non-statin use group, depending on the study and statin type [15][16][17] .…”

Association of sodium intake with diabetes in adults without hypertension: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2018

“…Diabetes places a significant burden on society in the form of increased medical costs, lost productivity, premature mortality, and intangible costs such as decreased quality of life ( 14 ). Currently, smoking, high-risk drinking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome were reported as the risk factors for diabetes ( 15 ). However, a few studies have explored the relationship between salt and sodium intake and diabetes, and the results have shown inconsistency ( 16 – 18 ), and no studies have looked at the relationship between sodium intake and diabetes in a specific group of people without hypertension.…”